近年来，随着城市化建设的快速发展，城市车辆日益增多，交通压力也日渐增 大，城市中的很多道路桥梁都出现了超负荷运行现象，加之部分桥梁建设期限长， 原设计荷载等级低、维修养护不及时及遭受洪水冲刷、车辆撞击等灾害，出现了多 种形式的病害，如裂缝、锈蚀、局部坑槽、地基不均匀沉降等问题，其会对桥梁正 常运行构成较大的影响，因此我们必须要采取有效措施对病害问题加以处理。积累 必要的技术资料，建立桥梁养护数据库。对于建成时间较长，尤其是年代久远的桥 梁，大多资料不全，需要通过检查和检测，收集这些桥梁技术数据，积累技术资料， 建立桥梁数据库，为加强科学管理和提高桥梁养护提供依据。 我国现代化交通网络的逐渐完善，道路桥梁在城市发展和经济建设上的重要性 越来越突出，因此对其在运行的质量和效率上的要求越来越高。而桥梁病害成为制 约道路桥梁社会效益和经济效益有效发挥的重要阻碍，如何发现病害、解决病害、 加强管控，使影响行车安全和舒适性的桥梁病害在运行过程中及时预防与科学处理， 维护城市桥梁设施，保障城市桥梁的完好和安全运行，成为道路桥梁管养工作人员 面临的重要任务；而检定现有桥梁的实际承载能力，为桥梁的使用及维修加固提供 必要的依据。近年来随着我国发展进程的加快，小汽车数量与日俱增，重型车、超 重车日益增多，桥梁负荷越来越重。对出现裂缝、错位、沉降等缺陷的桥梁，通过 检查和检测，了解其各部位损坏的程度，核定其承载能力，为桥梁的维修加固提供 必要的依据。

本书属于临床中药学方面的著作，由中药学、临床中药学相关概念、中药学的 学科分化、中药作用的基本原理、中药临床应用特点、临床中药合理用药知识、中 医药特点和需求的研究方法等部分构成，全书主要研究中药、中药学、临床中药学 相关知识，分析中药学以及临床中药学与相关学科的关系，阐述临床中药合理用药 知识与临床中药的功效以及中药学的发展成效，对从事临床中药学专业的研究学者 与中药学教学、科研、医疗、研发和管理的工作者有学习和参考的价值。

In the 21st century, with the rapid development of global economy, the major social problems faced by human beings in today’s world, such as population problem, food shortage, resource destruction, energy shortage, environmental pollution and so on, have become hot issues of global concern. In the face of severe facts, people begin to realize that if human beings do not have a comprehensive understanding of the nature they live in and do not follow the laws of ecology, it will lead to disastrous consequences. Therefore, ecology is an important theoretical basis for human beings to protect the environment and realize sustainable development. Agricultural ecology is a branch of ecology, which is an important theory to protect the agricultural ecological environment and realize the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources.
         Environment is the basic condition and material basis for human survival and development, and environmental protection is a basic national policy of our country. China is a developing country. At the same time of economic construction, environmental pollution with city as the center is still developing and rapidly spreading to rural areas. The scope of ecological damage is expanding and the degree is aggravating. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become important factors restricting China’s economic and social development. Agricultural production is closely related to resources and environment. With the acceleration of modernization of agricultural production, agricultural environmental problems become more prominent, such as environmental pollution caused by overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, soil erosion, soil erosion and vegetation damage caused by overdevelopment.

前 言

进入 21 世纪，全球经济快速发展，当今世界人类所面临的重大社会问题，如：人口问题、粮食短缺、资源破坏、能源紧张、环境污染等，成为全球关注的热点问题。在严峻的事实面前，人们开始认识到，如果人类对所生活的自然界没有全面的认识，不遵循生态学规律，就会招致灾难性的后果。因此，生态学是人类保护环境，实现可持续发展的重要理论基础。而农业生态学是生态学的分支，是保护农业生态环境，实现农业资源永续利用的重要理论。
        环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基本条件和物质基础，环境保护是我国的一项基本国策。我国是一个发展中国家，在进行经济建设的同时，以城市为中心的环境污染仍在发展，并急剧向农村蔓延，生态破坏的范围在扩大，程度在加剧。环境污染和生态破坏已成为制约我国经济和社会发展的重要因素。农业生产与资源环境有着极为密切的联系，随着农业生产现代化进程的加快，农业环境问题更加突出，如过量使用农药、化肥等造成的环境污染和过度开发造成的土壤侵蚀、水土流失、植被破坏等。

With the further rise of the climax of China’s road and bridge engineering construction, the national investment scale in road and bridge engineering construction is increasing year by year, and the construction of national and provincial roads and county and township roads is booming, so the demand for construction technical talents in the highway industry is more urgent. The construction technology of road and bridge engineering is not only the basic skills of road and bridge engineering students, but also the basic knowledge and ability of road and bridge construction technicians. Modern road and bridge engineering technicians are not only road and bridge engineering builders, but also road and bridge engineering construction technology problem solvers, managers and decision makers.
        With the development of national economy, transportation industry has become particularly important, especially highway engineering and highway bridge construction. With the central government making it clear that “speeding up the development of transportation is a strategic and urgent task related to the overall situation of the national economy”, highway engineering construction has ushered in the historical opportunity of great development. The engineering and project management of highway and bridge is of great significance to effectively improve the engineering quality and comprehensive benefits. This book analyzes the application problems of highway bridge construction technology and project management, takes effective measures, improves the project management mode, ensures the improvement of highway bridge construction technology and project management system and the stable development of national economic operation environment, and effectively coordinates and promotes its internal application links.

前 言

随着我国路桥工程建设高潮的进一步兴起，国家对路桥工程建设的投资规模逐年加大，国、省道公路与县、乡道路建设得到蓬勃发展，对公路行业施工技术人才的需求更加迫切。路桥工程的施工技术是道路与桥梁工程技术专业学生必须具备的基本技能，也是路桥建设技术人员必须掌握的基本知识和能力。现代路桥工程技术人员不仅是路桥工程建设者，同时也是路桥工程施工技术问题的解决者、管理者和决策者。
        国家大力发展经济，运输业变得尤为重要，特别是公路工程和公路桥梁建设这一部分占据了其中很大的比例，随着中央明确“将加快交通运输发展作为事关国民经济全局的战略性和紧迫性任务”，公路工程建设便迎来了大发展的历史机遇。公路桥梁的工程与项目管理对有效提升工程质量、综合效益有重要意义。本书以“路桥施工技术与项目管理”为课题，针对公路桥施工技术与项目管理应用问题展开分析，采取有效的针对措施，完善项目管理的模式，确保路桥施工技术与项目管理体系的健全和国家经济运作环境的稳定开展，有效协调促进其内部各个应用环节。

With the rapid development of market economy and the expansion of urban traffic scale, the process of urbanization is accelerating, the scale of road and bridge engineering construction projects is also gradually increasing, the construction quantity of road and bridge engineering is gradually increasing, and the influencing factors of construction quality are also more diversified, which leads to people’s more obvious concern about the quality of the project. This requires management and control of technical interference factors in engineering construction, so as to achieve better engineering effect, improve engineering quality, and improve road and bridge engineering construction management, which plays an important role in ensuring smooth traffic.
          At present, the development of highway engineering construction is relatively rapid, and the industry does not have a very strict access system, which leads to more and more teams to join the highway construction, increasing the competitive pressure of the highway construction market. In order to ensure the competitive advantage, enterprises should constantly improve their own technical level, strengthen safety management, reduce the losses caused by safety accidents, improve their comprehensive level, and promote the further development of road and bridge traffic engineering.
         In the process of road and bridge engineering construction, there are many factors that affect the quality of road and bridge engineering, in addition to the external environment, the most important is the internal factors such as the level of project technology management. Therefore, effective measures should be taken from different aspects to improve the construction technology management level of road and bridge engineering, so as to ensure the overall quality of road and bridge engineering.

前 言

随着市场经济的飞速发展和城市交通规模的扩大，城市化进程不断加快，道路桥梁工程建设项目规模也在逐渐增加，路桥工程建设量逐渐增多，施工质量影响因素也更加多样化，导致人们对工程的质量产生了更为明显的关注。这就需要对工程施工中技术干扰因素进行管理控制，从而达到更好的工程效果，提升工程质量完善路桥工程施工管理对保证交通畅通具有重要的作用。
       目前，公路工程建设发展较为迅速，行业并没有十分严格的准入制度，这就导致越来越多的队伍加入公路施工中，增加了公路施工建设市场的竞争压力。企业要想保证竞争优势，就要不断提高自身技术水平，同时，加强安全管理，降低安全事故带来的损失，将自身综合水平提升，推动路桥交通工程的进一步发展。
        在路桥工程施工过程中，影响路桥工程质量的因素很多，除了有外界环境的因素外，最为主要的是项目技术管理水平等内在因素。因此，要从不同方面采取有效的措施，提高路桥工程施工技术管理水平，从而确保路桥工程的整体质量。