Currently faced with the huge challenges of resource shortages and environmental  deterioration around the world, green buildings have become an inevitable trend for  sustainable development in the field of architecture. How to understand “green building”?  At present, the concept of “green building” that generally recognized by the domestic  professional academic fields, government, and the public at all levels, is defined by Green  Building Evaluation Standards (GB/T50378-2006) issued by the Ministry of Construction  in our country in 2006: Green Building refers to the building that can save resources  (energy saving, land saving, water saving, material saving) to the greatest extent during its  whole life cycle, while protecting environment, reducing pollution, providing people with  healthy, applicable and efficient use of space, and being in harmony with nature.  The process of developing green buildings is essentially a process of promoting  ecological civilization construction and learning and practicing the scientific development  concept. Its purpose and function is to realize a high degree of harmony and unity among  humans, architecture and nature; the full coordination of economic benefits, social benefits  and environmental benefits; and the healtyy, rapid and sustainable development of national  economy, human society and ecological environment.  In fact, the development of green buildings is the inevitable result and requirement of  the civilization process of human society. It is the rational grasp of human understanding  on the essence of architecture. It is a new system theory and proposition held by mankind  towards architecture. It is a kind of ism and a banner. banner. When a banner is set up, it  symbolizes hope and leads the direction. Most of our lives are spent in buildings, and  everyone without exception is more or less inextricably linked with architecture, not to  mention people working in architecture and real estate or related fields. Therefore, we  must put the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society in the  prominent position of the country's industrialization and modernization development  strategy, and implement it in every unit and every family. Under the guidance of the  banner of green building, we will take the road of civilized development and construction  of production development, affluent life and good ecology, and create a happy and  beautiful tomorrow together for future generations. 

前 言  

面对当今世界资源短缺和环境恶化的巨大挑战，绿色建筑已经成为建筑领域可 持续发展的必然趋势。如何理解“绿色建筑”？目前在国内得到专业学术领域和政 府，公众各个层面普遍认同的“绿色建筑”概念，是由建设部于 2006 年发布的《绿 色建筑评价标准》（GB/T50378-2006）给出的定义：绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命 周期内，最大限度地节约资源（节能、节地、节水、节材），保护环境，减少污染， 为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间，与自然和谐共生的建筑。 发展绿色建筑的过程本质上是一个生态文明建设和学习实践科学发展观的过 程。其目的和作用在于实现与促进人、建筑和自然三者之间高度的和谐统一；经济 效益、社会效益和环境益三者之间充分的协调一致；国民经济、人类社会和生态环 境又好又快地可持续发展。 实际上，发展绿色建筑是人类社会文明进程的必然结果和要求，是人类对建筑 本质认识的理性把握，是人类对建筑所持有的一种新的系统理论和主张，是一个主 义，是一面旗帜。旗子立起来了，就象征着希望，就指引着方向。我们人生的绝大 部分时间是在建筑物内度过的，每一个人无一例外地都或多或少地与建筑有着千丝 万缕和密不可分的联系，更不用说从业于建筑和房地产业相关领域工作的人们了。 因此，我们必须把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在国家的工业化和现代化发 展战略的突出位置，落实到每个单位、每个家庭。在绿色建筑这面旗帜的指引下， 走生产发展、生活富裕和生态良好的文明发展建设之路，共创世世代代幸福美好的 明天。

Construction engineering is the planning, survey, design, construction, completion  and other technical work for the newly-built, rebuilt or expanded buildings and ancillary  structures and facilities, as well as the completed engineering entity and the installation  engineering of its supporting lines, pipelines and equipment. It also refers to the  construction of various houses and buildings, also known as construction workload. This  part of investment must be carried out through construction activities. In recent years, with  the rapid development of China’s economic construction, especially under the background  of promoting domestic economic growth by expanding domestic infrastructure  construction, construction enterprises obtain a rare development opportunity. Many  domestic construction enterprises fully understand the relevant policies and constantly  expand their development fields and technical level in the market.  In addition, the development of green building is also a gradually changing mode of  China’'s construction industry. In the construction activities and the whole life cycle of  buildings, energy saving, water saving, material saving, efficient utilization of resources,  minimum impact on the environment, and the realization of sustainable development of  construction engineering. Therefore, in the construction process, it is necessary to carry  out green building supervision, so as to ensure the scientific and sustainable construction  process.  Therefore, this paper mainly from the content of ten chapters on the construction of  building structure and green supervision in detail, the content is comprehensive. We hope  that the book will be helpful to the relevant staff.

前 言  

建筑工程是为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物设施所进行的规划、 勘察、设计和施工、竣工等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体以及与其配套的线路、 管道、设备的安装工程。也指各种房屋、建筑物的建造工程，又称建筑工作量。这 部分投资额必须兴工动料，通过施工活动才能实现。而近几年来，我国的经济建设 飞速发展，特别是国家通过扩大国内基础设施建设来拉动国内经济增长的背景下， 建筑企业获得一个难得的发展机遇。国内的许多建筑企业充分解读相关政策，在市 场中不断拓展企业的发展领域和技术水平。 除此之外，发展绿色建筑也是我国建筑业逐渐转变的模式，在建筑活动以及建 筑物全生命周期实现节能、节水、节材，高效利用资源，最低限度的影响环境，实 现建筑工程可持续发展。因此，在建筑工程施工过程中，很有必要进行绿色建筑监 理，从而保证建筑工程过程的科学性和可持续性。 因此，本文主要从十章内容对建筑结构施工与绿色监理进行详细的阐述，内容 全面。希望对相关工作人员有一定的帮助。

In human development process, our society never stopped exploring the means to  control and adapt to nature, and at the same time gradually identify its position on the  earth. Architecture uses its special and abstract methods to give people a sense of safety,  confidence and aesthetics. To be specific, architecture is an artificial and physical  environment formed by people using certain material conditions, It is built by people  through shaping, organizing and perfecting space, with the consideration of certain  scientific rules and aesthetic requirements, to meet the needs of life. Architecture can be  divided into two types: buildings and structures. Buildings refer to the house used for  human life, work, study and other activities, such as residential buildings, office buildings  and schools. Structures are some subsidiary buildings added to make the building have  better performance, like chimneys and TV towers. Therefore, architecture has an  important position in the entire process of national economic development and urban  construction engineering.  Architectural design conception and architectural design creativity are two closely  related but divergent processes. Just like the relationship between writing and reading,  they work on the same objects, but with different aims and methods. Like novel writing,  during the architecture design process, we need to fully understand various existing  conditions, compare different routes and possibilities, form an overall framework, and  conduct conceptual abstract thinking and set various touching details, in order to complete  the whole work, which is more like a comprehensive process. And the architectural design  conception process is like reading. We will try to understand the thinking process of tthe  architects, establishing connections between different factors, and comparing them with  other similar works. This is more like an analysis process.  This book mainly starts with the conception of architectural design. Through in-depth  research on the basis and methods of conception, it presents in details each step of the  entire architectural design stage, so as to better explain the architectural design process. 

前 言

人类社会在发展的过程中持续探寻着对自然进行控制和适应的手段，同时逐渐 确定自身在地球上的地位。建筑能够使用特殊、抽象的方法给予人们安全、自信和 审美的感受。具体来说，建筑是人们为了满足对生活的需求，使用一定的物质条件， 根据科学法则和美学要求，通过对空间进行塑造，组织和完善而形成的人造物质环 境。建筑可以分为建筑物和构造物两类。其中，建筑物是指用于人类生活、工作、 学习等活动的房屋。如住宅、办公楼和学校等。构造物则是为了使建筑物具有更好 的使用性能而添加的一些辅助建筑，如烟囱、电视塔等。因此，建筑在整个国民经 济发展和城镇的建设工程中具有重要的地位。 建筑设计构思与建筑设计创意是两个密切相关但又不同的过程。就像写作和阅 读的关系，它们的工作对象是一致的，然而目的和手段却不尽相同。和小说的创作 过程一样，在设计过程中，为了最终完成作品，要充分了解各种现有条件，比较不 同的路线和可能性，形成整体的框架，还要进行概念化的抽象思考，设置各种动人 的细节，这更像是一个综合的过程。而建筑设计构思的过程好比是阅读，试图理解 建筑师的思考过程，在不同的因素间建立起联系，并与其他类似的作品进行比较， 这更像是个分析的过程。 本书主要是从建筑设计的构思入手，通过深入研究构思的基础、方法等方面的 研究，详细将整个建筑设计阶段的各个环节进行呈现，从而更好地实现对于建筑设 计过程的掌握。

随着社会经济的发展，人们的生活水平不断提高，然而人们的环境却越来越差， 现如今环境问题已经成为了我国现代社会发展中不可忽视的重要内容，对人民群众 的日常生活造成了严重的影响。环境问题一旦恶化，就可能会导致地质灾害的发生， 这将直接使得国家发生严重的经济损失，因此，加强地质环境保护是很有必要的。 近年来，我国常会发生环境地质灾害问题与破坏生态环境，致使国家与人民群 众损失巨大，所以，非常有必要针对环境地质灾害问题开展有效的监测与调查工作 以及保护生态环境，以降低因灾害的发生而造成的损失。之所以会发生环境地质灾 害，主要是由自然因素与人为因素而引起的，自然因素主要涵盖了地震、泥石流等， 人为因素涵盖了地下水污染、水质破坏等。在这些灾害中，因水而造成的地质灾害 尤为突出。因此，做好水文地质的勘察与监控对环境保护具有重大意义。 水文地质是工程项目施工过程中无法避免的重要问题，虽然其对地下水系统和生 态环境有一定的积极意义，但如果不能对其进行科学、有效的检测，可能对周围地理 环境造成一定的不利影响。各单位必须在充分了解国家相关法律规定的基础上，结合 国家有关工程技术标准，制定科学的工程施工方案，对水文地质进行长期、系统、科 学的动态监控，才能保证建筑物的安全，进而保证我国人民的生命、财产安全。

在临床医学领域，医疗风险意识主要指的是医护人员在医疗行为实施过程中，对自己所开展的医疗行为所具有的风险的认知程度。按摩推拿是中医治疗手段的重要组成部分。现阶段按摩推拿是盲人的重要就业途径。
      现阶段我国已经步入老龄化社会，在人口老龄化比例不断上升的情况下，慢性病的发病率呈现出逐年上升的特点。慢性病是人们的生活质量与身体健康的威胁因素。中医推拿在不仅有助于慢性病的防治，也有助于缓解亚健康人群的身体不适症状。针对现阶段盲人按摩师医疗风险意识有待提升的问题，国家相关部门可以从盲人医疗按摩人员的培训工作入手，对盲人医疗按摩人员的责任意识进行强化。如国家可以在完善制度法规的基础上，规范盲人按摩市场的经营行为，并要在强化责任追究制度的基础上，提升盲人按摩师强化自身医疗风险意识的主动性。
       但如今，我国盲人按摩师医疗风险意识现状仍需得到改善，加大盲人按摩师继续教育力度，优化盲人按摩师培训体系是提升盲人按摩师医疗风险意识，提升盲人按摩安全性的可行措施。国家层面的政策法规体系的完善，也有助于盲人按摩师队伍的发展。