With the new development of basic medical science and laboratory technology, the laboratory application of immunocytology, cytogenetics and molecular biology, automatic cell morphology analyzer and flow cytometry, the diagnosis basis of hematological diseases has gradually developed from the observation of cell morphology under light microscope to the examination form of multidisciplinary fusion. In practice, the examination of cell morphology still plays an important role. The application of various techniques improves the accuracy of the diagnosis of blood diseases and plays an important role in judging the prognosis.
        The development direction of Hematology in the future is to explore new therapeutic targets, biological effect therapy and gene therapy, which pose new challenges to the development of molecular pathological diagnosis of Hematology. The development of Hematology ultimately depends on the progress of diagnostic technology. Classical cytomorphological diagnosis technology, combined with flow cytometry, immunolabeling, molecular genetics, genomics and proteomics, has become the necessary technology for accurate diagnosis of hematological diseases, and even the standard for diagnosis of some diseases.

前 言

随着医学基础科学和实验室技术的新发展，免疫细胞学、细胞遗传学和分子生物学，全自动细胞形态分析仪以及流式细胞仪的实验室应用，血液病的诊断依据由原来的以光学显微镜细胞形态观察为主逐渐发展为多学科融合的检查形式。实践中细胞形态的检查仍占重要地位， 多种技术的检验应用为血液病的诊断提高了准确性，在判断预后方面起重要作用。
        未来血液病学的发展方向是探索新的治疗靶点、生物效应治疗和基因治疗等领域，这些对血液病分子病理诊断学的发展提出新的挑战。血液病学的发展，最终要依赖于诊断技术的进步。经典的细胞形态学诊断技术，结合流式细胞术、免疫标记、分子遗传学、基因组学及蛋白质组学技术等已经成为血液系统疾病精确诊断的必备技术，甚至成为某些疾病诊断的标准。

基层图书馆作为我国国民文化教育的重要基地，在促进我国现代化建设特别是 文化建设方面，以及提高国民文化素质方面都发挥着关键的作用。在知识经济时代 的大背景下，我国必须清楚的认识到基层图书馆在发展过程中存在的问题，并根据 社会发展的趋势明确现代图书馆发展的方向，使基层图书馆更好的为我国的现代化 建设服务。 随着中国的崛起以及世界经济一体化进程的不断加快，我国在提升综合国力和 扩大国际影响力方面越来越需要文化软实力的支撑。各地区的图书馆作为致力于共 享知识的公共机构，应该充分发挥其文化导向作用，为广大群众读者提供优质的服 务，促进文化知识的有效传播，使我国的现代化建设的进程能够稳步推进。同时， 知识经济时代的到来使得信息资料异常丰富，人们对于信息的需求也越来越多样化， 信息化和数字化已经成为社会上各种企业、单位和组织机构的重要发展趋势，相关 部门要充分认识到这一现状，加强基层图书馆的现代化建设，使其紧跟时代发展的 步伐，更好的为我国的现代化建设服务。

With the world’s economy gradually moving towards knowledge economy, the creation and application of knowledge to carry out innovation activities have become the main means for people to create wealth and welfare. As any enterprise or individual’s innovation activities have the characteristics of one-time, uniqueness and uncertainty of modern projects, people’s various innovation activities need to be completed according to the project mode. Any project requires the use of modern project management methods for effective management and control, so modern project management has become one of the
fastest growing areas in the field of management in recent years.
         Project procurement management is an important part of project management. Project procurement management has been given a new concept in the new discipline of project management. The “purchase” here is not only “purchasing goods” in the traditional sense, but also contains more extensive contents. The World Bank divides project procurement into procurement of works, procurement of goods and procurement of consulting services. The model of bidding procurement has been published for a long time and has been revised for many times. At the same time, in order to adapt to the rapid development of modern information technology and the increasing trend of information technology projects, The World Bank has begun to focus on IT Procurement management. The “bidding procedure” specially published by International Federation of Consulting Engineers - FIDIC for engineering project procurement has become the procedure document followed by general international engineering project procurement management and adopted by the world bank.
      Project procurement management includes the whole process from the establishment of procurement plan to the completion of project implementation. Therefore, in a sense, project procurement management is similar to the project contract management commonly studied in books at home and abroad, sometimes also known as project procurement management in a narrow sense.

前 言

随着全世界的经济逐步向知识经济迈进，创造和运用知识开展创新活动成了全社会人们创造财富和福利的主要手段。由于任何企业或个人的创新活动都具有一次性、独特性和不确定性等现代项目的特性，因此人们的各种创新活动都需要按照项目的模式去完成。任何项目都需要使用现代项目管理的方法去进行有效的管理和控制，因此现代项目管理成了近年来管理领域中发展最快的领域之一。
       项目采购管理（Project Procurement Management）是项目管理的重要组成部分。项目采购管理在项目管理这门新兴学科中被赋予了全新的概念。这里的“采购”并不仅仅是传统意义上的“采购货物”，而是包含了更加广泛的内容。世界银行（The World Bank）将项目采购分为工程项目采购（Procurement of Works）、货物采购（Procurement of Goods） 和咨询服务项目采购（Procurement of Consulting Services） ，而且很早就出版了相应的招标采购的范本，并多次进行了修订，已经非常完善。同时，世界银行为了适应现代信息技术的迅猛发展和信息技术项目不断增多的趋势，已经开始着手专门研究信息技术项目的采购管理（IT Procurement）。国际咨询工程
师联合会专门为工程项目采购出版的“招标程序”，成为一般国际工程项目采购管理所遵循的程序文件，并被世界银行所采纳。
       项目采购管理包含：从制定采购计划开始，一直到项目实施完毕的全过程。因此，某种意义上说，项目采购管理近似于国内外书籍中普遍研究的项目合同管理，有时也称项目采购管理为狭义的项目合同管理。

Since the reform and opening up, the continuous optimization and change of the modern economic market structure has promoted the rapid progress of all walks of life in contemporary society. Nowadays, due to the influence of economic globalization, modern enterprises use scientific ways to carry out comprehensive innovations and improvements in material management work during the process of project operation and daily material supply management. By doing this, the enterprises maintain the stable development of the overall economy of the enterprises and effectively realize their “fast, accurate, stable” material supply activities. These comprehensive innovations and improvements are also the important factor in realizing the balance between supply and demand as well as the improvement in the overall operating income and the efficiency of daily work and management.
    With the development of informatization in society, modern warehouse management technology supported by informatization plays an important role in enterprise warehouse management, bringing about the improvement of management timeliness and management quality. However, the warehouse management application of modern warehouse technology still needs further development.
         Material management is an important part of enterprise management. This part directly affects the company’s cost control status and indirectly affects the company’s development status. With the continuous deepening of the reform of the market economy system, the original domestic enterprise material management model, which is centered on “planned rationing”, is increasingly unable to meet the needs of current domestic enterprises, and is not conducive to the development and survival of current domestic enterprises. Under this situation, there is an urgent need for enterprises to take effective measures to promote innovation in material management, keep up with the development of modern enterprises, and play an active role in the development of modern domestic enterprises.

前 言

自我国改革开放以来，随着现代化经济市场结构的不断优化与改变，推动着当代社会各行各业的快速进步。现如今，由于受到经济全球化的影响，现代企业在日常物资供应管理与项目运营过程中，通过科学方式针对物资管理工作进行全面创新与提高，是维持企业整体经济稳定发展，有效实现企业“快、准、稳”物资供给活动的重要前提保障，同样也是实现企业供需平衡的重要影响因素，对提升企业整体经营收益、日常工作与管理效率起着至关重要的影响作用。
        社会的信息化发展，以信息化为支撑的现代仓储管理技术在企业仓库管理中发挥重要作用，带来管理时效和管理质量的双提升。但现代仓储技术的仓库管理应用还有待深入。
       物资管理是企业管理的重要组成部分，该部分直接影响到企业的成本控制状况，从而间接关系着企业的发展状况。随着市场经济体制变革的不断深入，国内原有以“计划配给”为中心的企业物资管理模式越来越不能够满足国内现行各企业的需求，不利于国内现行各企业的发展与生存。此形势下，迫切需要各企业采取有效的措施推进物资管理创新，紧跟现代企业发展步伐，为国内现代企业的发展发挥积极性作用。

水文事业是国民经济和社会发展的基础性公益事业，水文肩负着艰巨而神圣的使命，新时期我国治水新思路的转变，给水文工作提出了更高要求，即为解决国民经济建设和社会经济发展中的水问题提供科学决策依据，为合理开发利用和管理水资源、防治水旱灾害、保护水环境和生态建设提供全面服务。

水资源是生态-社会-经济系统的核心要素，是基础性自然资源和战略性经济资源。随着全球经济发展和人口迅速增长，对水资源的需求量也急剧增加，水资源问题已引发了一系列的社会经济问题。全球约有 8 亿人口缺乏清洁的淡水供应和 20 亿人口缺乏基本卫生的水资源。另一方面，水资源问题更关系到深层次的社会经济问题，如粮食安全问题。因此，水资源已成为全球可持续发展的重要基础，水资源学作为研究地球上人类可利用水资源的科学，在未来全球可持续发展研究中将发挥越来越重要的作用。

随着农业的迅速发展和人口的增加，水的供需矛盾也日益突出，很多地方，特别是北方沿海地区水资源短缺已成为当地经济发展的制约因素。因此，在我国必须对水资源的开发利用、规划布局、水资源保护以及经营管理各个方面，按照国家制定的政策和法规，进行统一的、系统的科学化管理，使我国有限的水资源得到有效的、合理的利用，不致浪费，以满足我国经济发展的需要。

本书在编写过程中参考借鉴了一些专家学者的研究成果和资料，在此特向他们表示感谢。由于编写时间仓促，编写水平有限，不足之处在所难免，恳请专家和广大读者提出宝贵意见，予以批评指正，以便改进。