Since the reform and opening up, China’s book industry has developed rapidly. As the manifestation of social consciousness, the formation means of social consciousness, as a tool to promote the ideological, political, educational, scientific and technological, economic development and social progress, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on books in the new historical period, and form relevant theories to fully realize the role of books.
   In today’s society, due to the highly developed Internet and the wide use of high-definition satellite images, intelligence work has less involved in “tracking, eavesdropping or prying open the safe” type of spying activities, and stealing and photographing are not the main ways of intelligence collection. The evolution direction of intelligence work is to become a branch of social science, pay more attention to the comprehensive analysis of opponents’ political, economic, social and military issues, and conduct comprehensive evaluation and prediction. Intelligence collection is no longer a furtive behavior. Although it is still necessary for the intelligence research institutions to protect the secret information sources of special importance, many information about politics, economy, society, technology, population and so on, as well as the basic social development trend and macro policies and data, are open to the public. They can be searched on the Internet and easily obtained from official documents. In the world, it is a trend to gradually move from national governance to open government affairs. The openness of these policies and data promotes the transparency of a country’s politics and the rationality of administrative law enforcement. Therefore, it will be a possibility and a reality to discuss the intelligence issue openly. As the mystery of intelligence is gradually revealed, intelligence research will become a branch of social science, and intelligence agencies will become more like a “think tank” to advise and advise the ruling party.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国图书事业迅猛发展。 图书作为社会意识的表现形式、社会意识的形成手段，作为推动思想、政治、教育、科技、经济发展和社会进步的工具，在新的历史时期，有必要对其进行深入研究，形成相关理论，全面实现图书的作用。
        当今社会，由于互联网的高度发达，高清卫星图像的广泛运用，情报工作已经较少涉及“跟踪、窃听或者撬开保险柜”式的窥探活动，窃密与偷拍已经不是情报搜集的主要方式。情报工作的演变方向更多的是成为社会科学的一个分支，更加注重综合分析对手的政治、经济、社会、军事问题，并进行综合评估、预测，情报搜集不再是偷偷摸摸的行为。尽管情报研究机构依旧有必要对特别重要的秘密信息来源进行保护，但许多关于政治、经济、社会、技术、人口等方面的情况和社会的基本发展趋势与宏观政策及数据，都是公开的，可以在互联网，上搜索获取、在官方发布的文件里轻易得到。在世界范围来看，从国家治理逐步走向政务公开是一种趋势，这些政策与数据的公开推动了一个国家政治的透明度与行政执法的合理性。因此，公开讨论情报问题将成为一种可能、一种现实。而随着情报的神秘面纱被逐步揭开，情报研究将成为社会科学的分支，情报机构也将变得更像一个为执政党建言献策的“智库”

Water is the source of human life. From ancient times cities in various countries have been built near the water. Thanks to the water, cities have become prosperous, and generated different types of water culture. The emergence and development of any city are closely related to water at all times and all over the world. Both the expansion of city and the growth of population need water resources. Water is an important part of the ecosystem. Water and biological communities (including animals, plant and microorganisms) coexist in rivers and lakes, intertwined with each other through climate system, hydrological cycle, food chain, nutrient cycle and energy exchange. Water conservancy projects play a great role in the economy and society, at the same time, we should also notice that they have influenced river ecosystem to a variable extent.
   Human activities including river regulation and dam construction have artificially changed the diversity, continuity and mobility of rivers, resulting in significant changes in natural conditions such as flow velocity, water depth, water temperature, flow boundary per se, hydrological laws and so on. The influence of all these changes on river ecosystem should not be ignored. The goal of river and lake controlling is not only to develop the functionality of rivers and lakes, but also to maintain the integrity of the watershed ecosystem. Clean rivers are the arteries of a sound ecosystem. Therefore, what should be made clear in the planning of flood control projects is that the river and biological communities in its upstream and downstream, left and right bank are all in one ecosystem. We should carry out unified planning, design and construction.

前 言

水是人类生命之源，从古至今各国的城市依水而建、因水而兴，并形成不同类型的水文化现象。古今中外任何一座城市的产生与发展都离不开水，城市规模的扩大、人口的增长需要水资源的支持。水是生态系统的重要组成部分，河流湖泊中的水与生物群落（包括动物、植物微生物）共存，通过气候系统、水文循环、食物链、养分循环及能量交换相互交织在一起。在社会生产过程中水利工程对经济与社会有着巨大的作用，同时也要看到水利工程对河流生态系统造成了不同程度的影响。
       人类整治河道和修筑堤坝等活动人为地改变了河流的多样性、连续性和流动性，使水域的流速、水深、水温、自水流边界、水文规律等自然条件发生重大改变，这些改变对河流生态系统造成的影响是不容忽视的。河流湖泊治理的目标既要开发河湖的功能性，也要维护流域生态系统的完整性，洁净的河流是一个健全生态系统的动脉。因此，在进行防洪工程的规划时，应明确河流与其上下游、左右岸的生物群落处于一个完整的生态系统中，进行统一规划、设计和建设。

The construction quality of water retaining structures built on rivers not only affects the life and benefit of buildings, but also relates to the safety of millions of people’s lives and property in the downstream. Once the project fails, it will bring irreparable loss. Therefore, the water conservancy project construction must guarantee the construction quality.
   Water conservancy and hydropower projects are mostly located in remote mountainous areas, sparsely populated and inconvenient for transportation. The workload of construction preparation is large and the preparation period is long. It is not only necessary to build traffic roads and construction plant facilities, but also to build office and living rooms. Therefore, great importance must be attached to the organization of construction preparation to meet the construction requirements and reduce the project investment. The construction of water conservancy projects on rivers often involves the interests of various sectors of the national economy, such as flood control, power generation, shipping, irrigation, fishing, logging, industrial and urban water use, etc. It is necessary to make overall planning and overall consideration, thus increasing the difficulty and complexity of construction.

The water conservancy and hydropower project is composed of many single projects, with concentrated layout, large quantities, many types of work, high construction intensity, and the limitation of terrain conditions, which is easy to cause construction interference. Therefore, it is necessary to make overall planning, pay attention to the organization and management of site construction, and select the optimal construction scheme according to the time and place by using the principle of system engineering. In the process of water conservancy project construction, the blasting operation, underground operation, underwater operation and high-altitude operation are often carried out in parallel, which is very unfavorable to the construction safety. Therefore, we must pay attention to safety construction and take effective measures to prevent accidents.

前 言

河流上修建的挡水建筑物施工质量不仅影响建筑物的寿命和效益，而且关系着下游千百万人民生命财产的安全。工程一旦失事，会带来不可弥补的损失。因此，水利工程施工必须保证施工质量。
       水利水电工程多处在偏远山区，人烟稀少，交通运输不便。施工准备工作量大，准备期长。不仅要修建场内外交通道路和施工工厂设施，而且要修建办公和生活用房。因此，必须十分重视施工准备工作的组织，使之既满足施工要求又减少工程投资。在河流上修建水利工程，常涉及到国民经济各部门的利益，如防洪、发电、航运、灌溉、过渔、过木、工业与城市用水等。必须全面规划，统筹兼顾，因而增加了施工的困难和复杂性。
       水利水电枢纽工程由许多单项工程所组成，布置比较集中，工程量大、工种多，施工强度高，再加上地形条件方面的限制，容易发生施工干扰。因此，需要统筹规划，重视现场施工的组织和管理，运用系统工程学的原理，因时因地选择最优的施工方案。水利工程施工过程中的爆破作业地下作业、水上水下作业和高空作业等，常常平行交叉进行，对施工安全非常不利。因此，必须十分注意安全施工，采取有效措施，防止事故发生。

In recent years, the state has paid more and more attention to public infrastructure construction with economic development, and more water conservancy projects have been constructing. After water conservancy projects completed and put into use, the maintenance and management of them then become extremely important, because it will influence the operation, efficiency and service life. In the new period, the maintenance and management of water conservancy projects attract more attention in the construction and development of water conservancy projects. Based on this, the paper analyzes the current situation and carries out the practice of maintenance and management of water conservancy projects.
   In the construction of water conservancy project, the effective management and maintenance need to be combined with practice, and with a scientific management mode, in order to realize the maintenance efficiency. In order to further study the maintenance and management strategies of water conservancy project, based on the effective work
experience and practice, the paper clearly analyzes the importance of water conservancy project construction and puts forward specific maintenance strategies. We hope to ensure the long-term development of water conservancy projects to meet people’s need and lay a good foundation for social and economic construction and stable development of society.

前 言

近年来，随着国家经济发展，公共基础设施的建设受到国家越来越多的重视，更多的水利工程正在投入建设当中。当水利工程建成并投入使用时，对于工程的维修养护管理工作就会变得至关重要，因为这将对工程的安全运行、发挥效益和使用寿命产生影响。新时期，水利工程建设发展对水利工程维修养护管理工作格外的关注，基于此，在本文中对水利工程维修养护管理现状进行分析，并且开展水利工程维修养护管理实践。
       在水利工程建设中，其有效的管理与养护需要与实际相结合，并制定科学的管理模式，从而才能实现养护效率，为进一步研究水利工程养护与管理策略，本文基于有效工作经验与实践，明确分析了水利工程建设的重要性，提出具体养护策略，结合进一步简明阐述，希望能够确保水利工程项目长效发展，以满足人们需求，为社会经济建设以及社会稳定发展奠定良好基础。

Resource shortage and environmental pollution are one of the prominent problems in today’s human society, in which water resources and environment bear the brunt. Water is not only an indispensably important material for human beings and other organisms to survive, but also an irreplaceable and extremely valuable natural resource for industrial and agricultural production, as well as for socio-economic development and ecological environment improvement. However, water resources in nature are limited. With the continuous growth of population and rapid development of economy, water consumption keeps increasing, as well as the amount of discharged waste water and sewage. The uncoordinated relationship stands out among water resources, socio-economic developmentand eco-environmental protection. The unreasonable development and utilization of water resources not only bring about general water shortage, but also possibly leads to regional ecological deterioration, which seriously influence the survival and development of human beings.
   Looking at the world civilization history we can see, both Europe, the birthplace of the industrial revolution, and the United States, the most advanced country in science and technology, have experienced painful lessons from water pollution. The first serious environmental problem which is caused by rapid economic development in the past 40 years reform and opening up in China, is also water pollution. Water pollution not only aggravates the water crisis in arid and semi-arid areas, but also makes “water shortage in water villages” happens more frequently. In order to solve these water problems timely and effectively, we must strengthen the planning and management of water resources, pay attention to the coordination among water resources, society, economy and environment, and stick to sustainable development. As a result, the state attaches more importance to environmental protection, proposes to strengthen environmental protection, and to actively promote regional environmental treatment in key river basins and urban sewage and garbage treatment, agricultural non-point source pollution treatment, comprehensive treatment of heavy metal pollution and so on. The rational utilization and protection of water resources is not only a major strategy that our country must vigorously develop and urgently promote at the present stage, but also a common issue faced by the whole human society

前 言

资源短缺与环境污染是当今世界人类社会的突出问题，水资源与水环境首当其冲。水是人类及其他生物赖以生存的不可缺少的重要物质，也是工农业生产、社会经济发展和生态环境改善不可替代的极为宝贵的自然资源。然而，自然界中的水资源是有限的，随着人口的不断增长和社会经济的迅速发展，用水量在不断增加，排放的废水、污水量也在不断增加，水资源与社会经济发展、生态环境保护之间的不协调关系在“水”上表现得十分突出。水资源的不合理开发和利用不仅引起大面积的缺水危机，还可能诱发区域性的生态恶化，严重地困扰着人类的生存和发展。
       放眼世界文明史，无论是工业革命的发源地欧洲，还是科技最发达的美国，都经历了水污染的惨痛教训。 我国改革开放 40 年经济的高速发展， 最先凸显的沉重的环境代价也是水污染。水污染不仅进一步加剧了干旱、半干旱地区的水危机，也造成了“水乡缺水”情景的频繁发生。为了及时有效地解决这些水问题，必须加强水资源的规划与管理，必须统筹考虑水资源与社会、经济、环境之间的协调，走可持续发展道路。为此，国家把环境保护摆到更加重要的位置，提出要加强环境保护，积极推进重点流域区域环境治理及城镇污水垃圾处理、农业面源污染治理、重金属污染综合整治等工作。水资源的合理利用与保护，不仅是我国现阶段必须大力发展和急需推进的重大战略，更是人类社会共同面临的课题。