Exploration engineering is sometimes called exploration technology, which generally refers to the engineering technology related to geological exploration. In addition to the two main aspects of drilling and pit exploration, other projects that must be carried out in order to complete the geological exploration work, such as transportation, repair business, power supply and distribution, also belong to the scope of exploration engineering.
Drilling engineering is divided into geological exploration drilling and engineering technology drilling. According to the geological design, the former uses the drilling equipment to drill through the rock strata at the predetermined location to obtain the physical data of rock samples, water samples, soil samples and so on, and carries out the underground physical measurement or groundwater dynamic observation through drilling, which is the most widely used in geological exploration. Geology is one of the seven natural sciences, which mainly studies the earth and its origin, evolution and development. Practical application is very extensive: earthquake prediction, all kinds of mineral exploration, exploration, disastrous landslides, paleontological evolution. For any object built on the ground, it is necessary to find out the underground situation in advance. Geological exploration is the discovery of deposits of industrial significance in the general survey of mineral resources. In order to find out the quality and quantity of mineral resources, as well as the technical conditions for mining and utilization, provide mineral reserves and geological data needed for mine construction and design, and investigate and study the geological conditions of rocks, strata, structures, minerals, hydrology and geomorphology in a certain area.
Among them, physical exploration is called “geophysical exploration” for short. It is based on the differences of density, magnetism, electricity, elasticity, radioactivity and other physical properties of various rocks and ores. Different physical methods and geophysical instruments are used to detect the changes of natural or artificial geophysical fields. Through analyzing and studying the geophysical data obtained, the geological structure and mineral distribution can be inferred and explained. The main geophysical methods include gravity exploration, magnetic exploration, electrical exploration, seismic exploration, radioactive exploration, etc. According to the different working space, it can be divided into ground geophysical prospecting, aviation geophysical prospecting, marine geophysical prospecting, borehole geophysical prospecting and so on.
前 言
探矿工程有时也称勘探技术,一般泛指地质勘探工作中有关的工程技术。除钻探和坑探两个主要方面外,凡为了完成地质勘探工作而必须进行的其他工程,如交通运输、修配业务、动力供配等,也都属探矿工程的范畴。其中钻探工程又分为地质勘探钻进和工程技术钻进两种。前者根据地质设计,在预定地点,利用钻探设备钻穿岩层,取得岩样、水样、土样等实物资料,并通过钻孔进行地下物理测量或地下水动态观测等,在地质勘探中应用最广。
"地质",准确的应叫地质学,习惯了就叫地质。地质学是七大自然科学之一,主要是研究地球及其成因和演化发展。实际应用是非常广泛的:地震的预测、各类矿产的寻找、勘探,灾害性的滑坡,古生物的演化。凡是建筑在地面上的物体,都要事先搞清楚地下的情况。地质勘探是在对矿产普查中发现有工业意义的矿床,为查明矿产的质和量,以及开采利用的技术条件,提供矿山建设设计所需要的矿产储量和地质资料,对一定地区内的岩石、地层、构造、矿产、水文、地貌等地质情况进行调查研究工作。
其中物理勘探简称"物探",是以各种岩石和矿石的密度、磁性、电性、弹性、放射性等物理性质的差异为研究基础,用不同的物理方法和物探仪器,探测天然的或人工的地球物理场的变化,通过分析、研究获得的物探资料,推断、解释地质构造和矿产分布情况。主要的物探方法有重力勘探、磁法勘探、电法勘探、地震勘探、放射性勘探等。依据工作空间的不同,又可分为地面物探、航空物探、海洋物探、井中物探等。
水文水资源工程作为重要的民生工程,在实际的建设过程中对于社会的影响尤其重要。在这其中设计到多方面的内容,其是一种专业化程度较高的建设工程,工程建设的质量将直接影响到水文水利工程的整体使用质量,因此必须做好必要的工作和管理制度的建设,以保证工程最终的质量得到保障,强化水文水资源的建设管理,提高工程建设的质量,满足社会发展的实际需要。主要的重点就体现在,首先能够提高社会经济的发展和进步,帮助推动社会技术的进步和提高,逐步的带动经济的发展;其次,对于实际的工程建设质量的管理,能够促使建设团队提高对于工程的建设重视程度,从而使得在工程建设的方面提高质量;最后,对水文水利工程的建设质量进行管理和控制,能够在最大程度上提高建设效率,降低建设难度,主要体现在,工程建设过程中需要经过多个复杂的环节,因此通过对建设的管理就能够确保工程环节能够顺利对接,从而保证最终的建设质量和标准。
水文水资源工程的建设关乎到社会以及民众的生活质量和生活水平,因此在现代社会中关于其工程的建设应该把握主要的建设标准和建设制度,将质量作为主要的建设目标进行,使得水文水资源工程的使用能够造福社会和人民,为水力资源的利用方面提供基础的保障。此外,现阶段关于水文水资源工程建设的管理中仍有部分不足之处, 致使在工程建设过程中出现质量问题, 严重影响最终的使用, 本书《水文水资源工程与水生态管理》通过对水文水资源工程与水生态管理进行了探讨和研究,旨在解决当前工程建设管理当中出现的问题,以供参考。
站在世界的角度来看,中国是海洋大国,拥有十分丰富的水资源,淡水资源在 世界排名前列。然而,由于中国同样是人口大国,拥有较大的人口基数,所以造成 人均拥有的淡水资源十分有限,和世界上其他国家人口相比较更低,现如今,在中 国淡水资源在进行开发使用的时候还具有很多问题:一方面,我国水费与水价的设 定问题。在对水价设定来讲,中国普遍设定的水价较低,特别是在农村地区,一些 农村地区甚至并未设定水费,因此造成水费比成本价更低,形成严重的亏损,造成 水资源浪费。此外,还有许多人民的节约用水意识较低,并未培养节约用水的良好 习惯,任意索取水资源,并且没有进行控制,导致水资源的浪费十分严重。另一方 面,在我国农业与工业中,许多工作在用水过程中水资源浪费的情况十分严重,特 别是在进行农业灌溉的时候。中国是农业大国,在生产过程中必须使用大量的水资 源,然而因为使用的灌溉方法缺少合理性,大部分使用大水漫灌,造成十分严重的 水资源浪费。同时,在人民的日常生活中,因为缺少节约观念,也存在十分严重的 耗费现象,水资源并未完成最佳配置。 在人类生存与发展的过程中,水资源是必不可少的物质,人类社会在进行发展 的时候,导致水资源污染的状况越来越严重,因此淡水资源紧缺的现象日益突出。 为此,有必要不断提高对水资源的合理开发,并对水资源的污染状况良好管控,只 有这样才可以良好推动中国经济的发展,实现可持续发展。
In order to meet the requirements of advanced technical personnel training in the 21st century, in recent years, we have carried out a series of research, exploration and practice on the basic content of mechanical manufacturing, accumulated some experience and achievements, so we have compiled this book.
Manufacturing automation is one of the main goals of human beings in the long-term production and life. The concept of manufacturing automation was first proposed by American D.S. Harder in 1936. Its content only includes the handling automation of manufacturing process. After a period of research and development, manufacturing automation has realized the whole process automation from blank production to product parts. In recent 40 years, with the continuous progress of sustainable technology, especially the development of manufacturing technology, computer technology, control technology, information technology and management technology, the content of manufacturing automation technology is also constantly enriched and improved. It not only includes the traditional sense of processing automation, but also includes the operation planning, management, control and coordination of the whole manufacturing process and so on.
In addition, mechanical manufacturing automation technology is an interdisciplinary content system, which includes not only the design and manufacturing content in the mechanical field, but also the control, detection, management and information processing. At the same time, mechanical manufacturing automation technology is a developing discipline. For example, the emergence of artificial intelligence and other technologies has created a new way of combining mechanical automation technology with modern science and technology. Of course, it still needs us to continue to explore and promote the qualitative leap of mechanical automation technology on the existing basis.
前 言
为了适应 21 世纪高级工程技术人才培养的要求, 近几年来, 我们对机械制造基础内容进行了一系列的研究、探索和实践,积累了一些经验和成果,因此编写了这本书。
制造自动化是人类在长期的生产生活中不断追求的主要目标之一。制造自动化的概念最早由美国人 D.S.Harder 于 1936 年提出,其内容仅仅包括制造过程搬运自动化。在经历了一段时间的研究和发展之后,制造自动化实现了从毛坯投入生产到产品零件全过程的自动化。近 40 年来,随着可持续技术的不断进步,尤其是制造技术、计算机技术、控制技术、信息技术和管理技术的发展,制造自动化技术的内容也在不断地丰富和完善,它不仅包括传统意义上的加工过程自动化,而且还包括对制造全过程的运行规划、管理、控制与协调化等自动化。
另外,机械制造自动化技术是一门跨学科的内容体系,它不仅包括机械领域的设计和制造内容,而且还包括控制、检测、管理和信息处理等方面的内容,同时机械制造自动化技术又是一门不断发展的学科,例如人工智能等技术的出现为机械自动化技术创造了一种新的与现代科技相结合的方式, 当然, 这仍需要我们不断探索,在现有基础上促成机械自动化技术质的飞跃。
In the past 30 years, with the rapid development of highway transportation in China, it has made a leaping development in highway bridge and tunnel technology and has successfully found a way to grasp the decision-making power on construction. We actively absorb the advanced technology and experience of foreign countries on highway bridge and tunnel engineering, based on this, we have boldly innovateed and developed bridge and tunnel construction technology with independent property rights. Highway bridge tunnel belongs to the main or control engineering of highway construction, which involves many factors and complicated environmental conditions. In the actual construction, the construction project should adjust the construction plan according to the infrastructure terrain, environmental conditions and ecological needs, and the whole process must be coordinateed the construction management and departments. A high quality project needs the combination of “doing” and “management”. The role of modern engineering management in overall planning, coordination, coordination and connection of resources integration is becoming more and more important. “Technological progress” and “scientific management” are indispensable for the construction of high-quality, safe and efficient highway and bridge projects.
The construction of highway bridge tunnel is the key to alleviate the current urban traffic problems and the traffic problems between cities, and the tunnel construction is the key to the highway bridge construction. Therefore, because the road bridge tunnel construction method is not perfect now, it is inevitable to encounter problems. But as long as we keep innovating and facing the difficulties, such difficulties will eventually be overcome, so as to promote the development of road and bridge construction and transportation in China.
At present, there are problems of safety and quality management in engineering construction management in China. Due to the complex terrain in China, the construction of highway and tunnel is easy to cause permanent damage to the environment. Its impact on the environment will trigger a chain reaction, although it can achieve smooth traffic, but in the long run, it is bound to have a bad impact on the environment and increase the burden of project construction management. Therefore, the project schedule control should be realized, and the engineering technology and construction technology should be improved.
前 言
近三十年来,随着我国公路交通事业快速发展,公路桥梁隧道技术实现了跨越式发展,成功走出了一条既把握建设的自主权,我国公路桥梁隧道工程积极吸收国外的先进的技术与经验,并在此基础上,大胆的创新,发展出拥有自主产权的桥梁隧道建设技术。公路桥梁隧道属于公路建设的主要或控制性工程,其建设中涉及因素多,环境条件复杂。在实际建设中,建设项目要依据基建地形、环境条件、生态需求调整建设方案,而整个过程必然要做好建设管理,做好部门之间的协调工作,一项优质的工程需要“做”与“管”相结合。统筹、协调、配合、衔接资源整合的现代工程管理作用越来越重要,“技术进步”和“科学管理”对建成高质量、安全、高效益公路桥梁工程缺一不可。
公路桥梁隧道施工的建设是缓解目前城市交通问题与城市之间交通问题的关键,而隧道施工又是公路桥梁建设的关键,所以在公路桥梁隧道施工方法还不太完善的今天,遇到问题是不可避免的。但只要不断创新,迎难而上,这样的困难终究会被跨越,以此促进我国道路桥梁建设交通的发展。
目前我国工程建设管理中存在着安全及质里管理问题。而我国地形复杂,公路及隧道建设中容易对环境造成永久破坏。其对环造成的影响将引发连锁反应,虽然可以实现交通的通畅,但从长远角度看,其势必会对环境造成恶劣影响。加重工程项目建设管理的负担。因此,应实现工程进度控制,并提升工程技术技术及施工工艺。