“Ecology” is one of the words with high click rate at present, and “ecology” is derived from biology, which is a new comprehensive discipline, and is “a discipline that studies the relationship between organisms and between biological and abiotic environments”. At the end of the 20th century, people found that the earth’s ecological environment was deteriorating, so ecology derived from geo ecology, marine ecology, desert ecology and other marginal sciences. Ecological water conservancy was also formed under this background.
      Ecological water conservancy covers a wide range, including ecological rivers, ecological lakes, ecological basins, ecological groundwater and ecological coast and other aspects related to water, among which ecological river is the most important and active component. In the natural science ecosystem and the social ecosystem of the relationship between man and land, rivers always play an important role. In all the earth’s ecosystems, geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere have their own relatively independent ecosystems, but there are very complex and sensitive processes of material transfer, energy transfer and information transmission among them. Water, especially rivers, is the most active factor and carrier. Therefore, people often deify water and river. When there is more water, less water, muddy water and dirty water, all kinds of information will be quickly fed back to human beings.
      This paper mainly starts from the construction of water conservancy projects, summarizes and sorts out many construction technologies, and adds green environmental protection technologies, so as to deepen the research on green construction of water conservancy projects and realize the sustainable development of water conservancy projects in China.

前 言

“生态”是目前点击率很高的词汇之一，而“生态学”源于生物学，是一门新兴的综合性学科，是“研究生物之间及生物与非生物环境之间相互关系的学科”。在 20 世纪末，人们发现地球生态环境不断恶化，于是生态学又衍生出地质生态学、海洋生态学、沙漠生态学等边缘科学，生态水利也是在这种背景下形成的学科。
      生态水利涵盖面很广，它包括生态河流、生态湖泊、生态流域、生态地下水和生态海岸等与水有关的方方面面，其中生态河流是最重要、最活跃的组成部分。在自然科学生态系统和人地关系的社会生态系统中， 河流永远扮演着举足轻重的角色。在地球的所有生态系统中，地圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈和人类圈虽然都各自具有相对独立的生态体系， 但在它们层面之间， 存在着极为复杂而又很敏感的物质转移、能量转移和信息传递过程，而水，特别是河流是最活跃的因子和载体。所以，人们常把水与河流神化，水多了，水少了，水浑了，水脏了等都会很快地反馈给人类各种信息。
      本文主要是从水利工程施工入手，通过将诸多施工技术进行总结、整理，并且加入绿色环保技术，从而加深对水利工程绿色施工的研究，实现我国水利工程的可持续发展。

China’s basic national conditions and water regime are that there are more people and less water. The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources is uneven. Since the founding of new China, especially since the reform and opening up, the state has attached great importance to water conservancy work. Great achievements have been made in water conservancy construction, which has made great contributions to economic and social development and people’s living and working in peace and contentment. However, the shortage of water resources in China is still very serious, and the lag of farmland and water conservancy construction is still the biggest hard injury affecting the stable development of agriculture and national food security. There are various types, forms, functions and regional characteristics of farmland and water conservancy infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to collect all kinds of small-scale farmland water diversion projects and famous small-scale irrigation and drainage facilities in production practice, so that the majority of grass-roots technical personnel can choose the corresponding cases and legends for optimal design according to local conditions.
       This book mainly from two aspects of writing, describes the basic knowledge and concepts of farmland water conservancy, and then analyzes and studies the existing problems of farmland water conservancy, and then puts forward relevant management measures, and expounds the construction and management of farmland water conservancy projects in detail. This requires our country to pay attention to the farmland water conservancy project, cultivate the relevant technical personnel and comprehensive quality, lay the foundation for the smooth development of the construction of the water conservancy project, and promote the economic development and progress of our country.
       Due to the lack of experience of the editor, it is inevitable that there are mistakes and defects in the book. Readers are eager to criticize and correct them.

前 言

我国的基本国情、水情是人多水少。水资源时空分布不均。新中国成立以来，特别是改革开放以来， 国家高度重视水利工作， 水利建设取得举世瞩目的巨大成就，为经济社会发展，人民安居乐业作出了重大贡献。但是，我国的水资源短缺形势仍然十分严峻，农田水利建设滞后仍然是影响农业稳定发展和国家粮食安全的最大硬伤。农田水利基础设施种类繁多、形式多样，功能各异，地区特色差异较大。因此，有必要汇集生产实践中存在的各类小型农田引水工程和名类小型灌联排水设施，以供广大基层技术人员因地制宜，选择相应的案例和图例进行优化设计。
       本书主要从两方面进行写作，阐述了农田水利的基本知识和概念，然后对农田水利现有问题进行分析和研究进而提出相关管理措施，对农田水利工程的建设和管理进行了详细的阐述。这就要求我国对农田水利工程加以重视，培养相关技术人才和综合素质， 为农田水利工程的建设顺利开展打下基础， 促进我国经济发展和进步。
      由于编者经验不足，书中的错误和不妥之处在所难免，恳请读者批评指正。

Since the beginning of the 21st century, economic growth has been accelerating and industrial production has been developing rapidly. At the same time, excessive depletion of natural resources, reduction of cultivated land, land degradation, global climate deterioration, rupture of the earth’s ozone layer, sharp reduction of biodiversity, and a large number of pollutants produced and discharged by industrial development have become cross regional and cross-border global environmental problems, it is increasingly hindering the survival and sustainable development of human beings. The solution of these problems and crises depends on the guidance and technical support of environmental science and ecology theory. Since entering the industrial revolution, human beings have deeply affected the surrounding environment with unprecedented scale and intensity. Water pollution, air pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, radiation pollution and other terms are always around us. In order to solve the obstacles restricting human development, more stringent requirements are put forward for the research of environmental science and engineering. Ecology refers to the relationship between living organisms and their living environment. It is a science that studies the internal change mechanism, law and effect on human beings of the ecological system under the condition of human disturbance, and seeks for the restoration, reconstruction and ecological protection countermeasures of the damaged ecosystem; it is a science that uses the principle of ecology to clarify the human impact on the environment and the way to solve the environmental problems. With the continuous highlighting of the contemporary world’s ecological environment problems, ecological and environmental problems have gradually been the universal attention of the world.

      Although the compilation of this book strives to achieve new content, broken ideas, and the combination of theory and practice, due to the limited level of the author. There are some mistakes in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

进入 21 世纪以来，经济增长不断提速，工业生产得到快速发展，与此同时，自然资源过度损耗、耕地减少、土地退化、全球气候恶化、地球臭氧层破裂、生物多样性锐减、工业发展制造和排放的大量污染物等已成为跨地区跨国界的全球性环境问题，越来越阻碍着人类的生存和可持续发展，而这些问题和危机的解决，都有赖于环境学和生态学理论的指导和技术支持。自进入工业革命以来，人类就以前所未有的规模和强度深深地影响着周围环境，水污染、大气污染、固体废弃物污染、噪声污染、辐射污染等名词时刻伴随在我们左右，为解决制约人类发展的障碍，对环境科学和工程的研究提出了更严苛的要求。生态是指生物有机体及其生存环境的相互关系，它是研究在人类干扰条件下，生态系统的内在变化机理、规律和对人类的效应，寻求受损生态系统的恢复、重建及生态保护对策的科学；是运用生态学的原理，阐明人类对环境影响及解决环境问题途径的科学。随着当代世界生态环境问题的不断突显，生态环境问题也逐渐得到了世界各国的普遍重视。
       尽管本书编写力求做到内容新、观念断，理论和实际相结合，但由于作者水平有限。书中难免有不当之处，欢迎读者批评指正。

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the scale of engineering construction is becoming larger and larger, and the quality requirements of engineering projects are also higher and higher. A large number of compound talents who are familiar with engineering technology, economy, management, law and other related knowledge and skills are needed. Therefore, engineering technology and management personnel must master certain knowledge of engineering economics.
     The teaching objective of engineering economics course is to understand the relationship between engineering technology and economic effect, to be familiar with the basic process of engineering technology scheme optimization, to master the economic analysis methods in construction engineering technology, economy and management, to have a wide range of knowledge, to master the professional knowledge and skills of supervisors, and to have the ability to conduct economic analysis on the actual project scheme.
      Financial management is based on the objective existence of financial activities and financial relations in the process of enterprise reproduction. It is an economic management work for enterprises to organize financial activities and deal with various financial relations. Through the management of capital movement and value form, it penetrates into all management fields like production and operation of enterprises. Financial management is the management of asset purchase (investment), capital financing (financing), cash flow (working capital) and profit distribution. Financial management is an integral part of enterprise management. It is an economic management work to organize enterprise financial activities and deal with financial relations according to financial laws and regulations and the principles of financial management. In modern enterprise management, financial management is a systematic project involving a wide range, comprehensive and restrictive. It is a comprehensive management of planning, decision-making and control of enterprise capital flow through value form. It is the core content of engineering economy and enterprise management.

前 言

随着我国经济快速发展，工程建设规模越来越大，工程项目质量要求也越来越高，需要一大批既懂工程技术，又熟悉经济、管理、法律等相关知识和技能的复合型人才。因此，工程技术和管理人员必须掌握一定的工程经济学知识。
        工程经济学课程教学目标是了解工程技术与经济效果之间的关系，熟悉工程技术方案优选的基本过程，掌握建筑工程技术、经济、管理工作中经济分析方法具有较宽广的知识面，掌握监事专业知识技能具备对实际工程项目方案进行经济分析的能力。
        财务管理是基于企业再生产过程中客观存在的财务活动和财务关系而产生的，是企业组织财务活动、处理与各方面财务关系的项经济管理工作。它通过对资金运动和价值形态的管理，像血液一样渗透贯通到企业的生产、经营等一切管理领域。财务管理是在一定的整体目标下，关于资产的购置（投资）、资本的融通（筹资）和经营中的现金流量（营运资金），以及利润分配的管理。财务管理是企业管理的一个组成部分，它是根据财经法规制度，按照财务管理的原则，组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。在现代企业管理当中，财务管理是一项涉及面广、综合性和制约性都很强的系统工程。它是通过价值形态对企业资金流动进行计划、决策和控制的综合性管理，是工程经济、企业管理的核心内容。

With the continuous development of social economy, the requirements of urban road construction are constantly improving. The normal use and service life of municipal roads are the problems that must be paid attention to in the construction of municipal roads. Due to the development of national economy and the acceleration of urban construction, people have higher and higher requirements for transportation system. In particular, the development of municipal roads has an important impact on people’s normal life and driving safety of vehicles. The quality of municipal road construction projects not only directly affects urban roads, flood control and environmental protection, but also directly affects people’s work and daily life, so it has an important position that can not be ignored. Therefore, in order to ensure the normal use of municipal roads, the normal operation of the city, people’s normal life, we must carry out scientific and reasonable design of municipal roads. Bridge engineering in ancient China has made remarkable achievements, Zhaozhou Bridge is a very good example, it is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of our people. At present, with the rapid development of high technology, China’s bridge construction has made great achievements. In the aspect of bridge construction, construction technology is also in constant innovation. Bridge engineering has always been a difficulty in transportation, but with the joint efforts of people, many unimaginable difficulties have been overcome. We have completed one great feat after another.

      This book aims to start with the basic concepts of municipal roads and bridges, through the exploration of road construction technology and bridge construction technology, so as to find the problems existing in the existing construction technology, so as to better improve the municipal road construction technology and bridge construction technology, improve the quality and efficiency of the whole road construction and bridge construction, and better improve the travel of people with convenience.

前 言

随着社会经济的不断发展，城市道路建设的各项要求也在不断提高，市政道路的正常使用以及其使用寿命是市政道路建设中必须要重视的问题。由于国民经济的发展以及城市建设步伐的加快，人们对交通系统的要求也越来越高。尤其是市政道路的发展与人们的正常生活及车辆的行驶安全都有着重要影响，市政道路施工工程质量的高低，不仅直接影响着城市道路、防洪、环保问题，也直接关系着人们的工作和日常生活， 因此具有不容忽视的重要地位。 所以为了保证市政道路的正常使用，城市的正常运转，人们的正常生活，必须对市政道路进行科学合理的设计。桥梁工程在中国的古代就已经取得了骄人的成绩，赵州桥就是一个非常好的实例，其是我国人民集体智慧的结晶。目前，随着高科技的快速发展，我国的桥梁建设已经取得了不小的成绩。在桥梁建设方面，施工技术也在不断进行革新。桥梁工程历来都是交通运输工作中的难点，但是，在人们集思广益的共同努力下，克服许多无法想象的困难。完成了一个又一个的伟大壮举。
        本书旨在从市政道路以及桥梁的基本概念入手，通过对道路施工技术和桥梁施工技术探究，从而发现现有施工技术中所存在的问题，从而更好地对市政道路施工技术和桥梁施工技术进行改进，提高整个道路施工以及桥梁施工的质量和效率，更好的为人们的出行提供便利。