This book focuses on the general nursing technology and nursing routine of obstetrics and gynecology diseases, as well as the concept, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of gynecological and obstetric diseases. Then it lists the routine nursing problems, lists the relevant nursing objectives for each nursing problem, and finally makes corresponding nursing measures. The book is clear, focused, concise and practical. It is an important reference book for clinical nurses and medical staff of related disciplines.
    This book not only expounds the basic nursing technology of obstetrics and gynecology, but also discusses the nursing of various common diseases in gynecology and obstetrics on this basis. According to the nursing of common diseases, it first outlines the etiology, pathology and clinical characteristics of the disease, then lists common nursing problems, and then lists the relevant nursing objectives for each nursing problem, and finally makes corresponding nursing measures.
   The purpose of compiling this book is to provide a certain knowledge basis for medical obstetrics and gynecology in China, and to ensure that medical staff can have a solid basic knowledge concept and practical thinking.
     Due to the content of this book is more, involving more knowledge points, the depth and breadth of the contents of each chapter may be inconsistent, and fallacies can not be avoided. Readers are welcome to criticize them.

前 言

本书重点论述了妇产科疾病的一般护理技术、护理常规，以及妇科、产科常见疾病的概念、病因及发病机制、临床特点，然后列举常规护理问题，再针对各护理问题列出相关护理目标，最后做出相应护理措施。全书条理清晰、重点突出、简洁实用，是妇产科临床护士及相关学科医务人员的重要参考书。
      本书不仅阐述了妇产科的基础护理技术， 并在此基础上对妇产科多种常见疾病做了护理论述。针对各常见疾病的护理，其先略述疾病病因、病理及临床特点，然后列举常见护理问题，再针对各护理问题列出相关护理目标，最后做出相应护理措施。
      编写本书目的是为我国医学妇产事业提供一定的知识基础，确保医护人员能够具备扎实的基本知识概念和实践思路。
      由于本书的内容比较多，涉及的知识点比较多，各章节内容的深度和广度可能存在不一致，且谬误无可避免，敬请广大读者批评指正。

“Harmonious city” is not only a goal, but also a tool to analyze the current situation of urban development and propose solutions. We should not only see the four key areas supporting the “harmonious city”: the harmonious space and region, the harmonious society and economy, the harmonious environment and the planning and control oriented to the harmonious city, but also see the intangible assets that contribute to the urban harmony discussed in the report, such as cultural heritage, sense of place and memory, complex social and symbolic relationship, etc. These intangible assets, which represent the soul of the city, are as important as the tangible assets for the harmonious development of the city. The establishment of “harmonious city” is fundamentally based on the harmony between man and nature, man and man, spirit and material. The harmonious development of urban economy, the harmonious life in the age of science and technology, the harmonious operation of community cells and the harmonious interaction between the city and the countryside. The foundation of this foundation lies in the harmony of urban and rural multi cultures.
    Due to the different development stages of cities, the research on urban planning evaluation in western developed countries started earlier, and gained rich experience and research results in theory, method and practice. Since the 1950s, with the promotion of the application of systematic method in the field of urban planning and the further improvement of economic and policy scientific methods, the research on urban planning evaluation has been widely carried out. At the beginning of the 21st century, the urban planning evaluation research in western developed countries has gone through a total of 60 years of development, and has initially formed a relatively complete evaluation theoretical system. The evaluation content extends from single scheme evaluation to comprehensive evaluation of planning value standard, public policy expression, planning implementation process and planning implementation effect; the evaluation method extends from qualitative evaluation to the combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluation, and constructs index system to evaluate each content; the evaluation practitioners are also from government departments, third-party professionals to the public; and has established a relatively complete evaluation information system and evaluation implementation mechanism.

前 言

“和谐城市”既是一个目标，又是一个分析城市发展现状问题和提出解决途径的工具。我们不仅仅要看到支撑“和谐城市”的四个关键领域：空间区域和谐社会经济和谐、环境生态和谐和面向和谐城市的规划管制，更应该看到报告中讨论的对城市和谐作出贡献的各种无形资产，例如文化的传承、场所感和记忆，复杂的社会与象征性关系等赋予城市意义的要素，这些代表了城市灵魂的无形资产与有形资产对于城市的和谐发展一样至关重要。建立“和谐城市”，是从根本上立足于人与自然人与人、精神与物质和谐，在形式上体现为多元文化的和谐共存。城市经济的和谐发展、科技时代的和谐生活、社区细胞的和谐运作以及城市和乡村的和谐互动，而此基础之上又在于城市多元文化和乡村多样文化的和谐。

 由于城市自身所处的发展阶段不同，西方发达国家对城市规划评估的研究开始较早，取得了较丰富的理论、方法以及实践方面的经验和研究成果。从 20 世纪 50年代开始，随着系统方法在城市规划领域运用的推进和经济学、政策科学方法的进一步完善，对城市规划的评价研究得到了广泛的开展。到 21 世纪初期，西方发达国家的城市规划评估研究总共经过了 60 年的发展历程， 初步形成了较为完善的评估理论体系。评估内容从单一的方案评估扩展到对规划价值标准、公共政策表达、规划实施过程、规划实施效果等全面的评估；评估方法从定性评价扩展到定性与定量相结合、构建指标体系评价各个内容；评估从业人员也从政府部门、第三方专业人士到市民大众；并且建立了较为完善的评估信息系统和评估实施机制。

Financial management is based on the objective existence of financial activities and financial relations in the process of enterprise reproduction. It is an economic management work for enterprises to organize financial activities and deal with various financial relations.
    Through the management of capital movement and value form, it penetrates into all management fields like production and operation of enterprises. Financial management is the management of asset purchase (investment), capital financing (financing), cash flow (working capital) and profit distribution. Financial management is an integral part of enterprise management. It is an economic management work to organize enterprise financial activities and deal with financial relations according to financial laws and regulations and the principles of financial management.
    In modern enterprise management, financial management is a systematic project involving a wide range, comprehensive and restrictive. It is a comprehensive management of planning, decision-making and control of enterprise capital flow through value form. It is the core content of engineering economy and enterprise management.
    Since the beginning of the 1980s, the audit work in China has developed rapidly. Both the establishment of audit institutions and the construction of audit laws and regulations, as well as the formulation and improvement of audit standards for various audit subjects, have made unprecedented progress. Audit education has also developed from scratch, and has been constantly developed and strengthened.

前 言

财务管理是基于企业再生产过程中客观存在的财务活动和财务关系而产生的，是企业组织财务活动、处理与各方面财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
      它通过对资金运动和价值形态的管理，像血液一样渗透贯通到企业的生产、经营等一切管理领域。财务管理是在一定的整体目标下，关于资产的购置（投资）、资本的融通（筹资）和经营中的现金流量（营运资金），以及利润分配的管理。财务管理是企业管理的一个组成部分， 它是根据财经法规制度， 按照财务管理的原则，组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
      在现代企业管理当中，财务管理是一项涉及面广、综合性和制约性都很强的系统工程。它是通过价值形态对企业资金流动进行计划、决策和控制的综合性管理，是工程经济、企业管理的核心内容。
      自 20 世纪 80 年代初我国开展审计工作以来，我国的审计事业发展迅速。无论是审计机构的设置与审计法规的建设，还是各种审计主体审计准则的制定与完善，都取得了前所未有的进步。审计教育事业也从无到有，并得到不断的发展与壮大。 

With the progress and development of economy, both urban industry and rural agriculture, even people’s daily life, have been inseparable from power resources. The substation affects the power supply, and the substation technology affects the safe and stable operation of the substation. With the increasingly modern and intelligent substation, the technology of intelligent substation is also constantly innovating. As an important part of China’s power grid intelligence, the improvement of smart substation technology can effectively promote the construction of smart substation, improve the safety performance of smart substation, and promote the intelligent construction of China’s power grid. In recent years, the intelligent substation technology has made rapid progress, and has achieved good results in practical application. Especially in the power engineering system, the intelligent substation technology has greater advantages. According to the characteristics of the intelligent substation, this paper analyzes the defects in the intelligent substation technology, so as to take effective measures to optimize the intelligent substation technology, which can effectively improve the safety, real-time and stability of the substation, and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system.
     Intelligent substation technology is a process of gradual development, and the mode and method of integrated testing are also in the process of continuous development. This book puts forward the corresponding test methods for the existing power engineering and intelligent substation construction mode and application technology, with the purpose of providing technical guarantee for the orderly construction and safe operation of the current power engineering and intelligent substation, and providing some experience for the development of intelligent substation test technology in the future, also provides valuable reference for technical management, test, operation, maintenance and other professionals in power system.

前 言

随着经济的进步与发展，不管是城市的工业还是乡村的农业，甚至人们平时的生活，都已经离不开电力资源。变电站影响着电力的供应，变电站技术则影响着变电站的安全、稳定运行。变电站的日益现代化、智能化，使得智能变电站技术也在不断革新。智能变电站作为我国电网智能化的重要组成部分。对智能变电站技术进行完善，能够有效推动智能变电站构建，提高智能变电站安全性能，促进我国电网智能化建设。近年来智能变电站技术取得了较快的进步，而且在实际应用中也取得了较好的成效。特别是在电力工程系统中智能变电站技术更具有较大的优势，依据智能变电站的特点，对智能变电站技术中存在的缺陷进行分析，从而采取有效的措施对智能变电站技术进行优化，能有效地提高变电站的安全性、实时性和稳定性，
保证电力系统安全、稳定运行。
       智能变电站技术是一个渐进发展的过程，集成测试的模式和方法也处于不断发展的过程中，本书对现有电力工程以及智能变电站建设模式和应用技术提出相应的测试方法，目的是为目前电力工程及智能变电站的有序建设和安全运行提供技术保障， 为今后智能变电站测试技术发展提供一些经验借鉴， 也为电力系统中技术管理、试验、运行、检修等专业人员提供有价值的参考。

Chemistry is the basis of natural science. The course of “Fundamentals of Material Chemistry” for undergraduates majoring in materials, metallurgy, energy, mining and metallurgy, environment and other non chemical and chemical engineering majors is aimed at cultivating students’ scientific thinking method, scientific literacy, innovative spirit, engineering consciousness, engineering ability, inspires students to understand the position of chemistry in the development of natural science and the role of chemistry in improving human life and production level. “Fundamentals of Material Chemistry” pays attention to the relationship between chemistry and society, life, production and research, emphasizes the application of chemical knowledge, and strives to reflect the social demand value of chemical knowledge.
     Chemistry is closely related to people’s life. As long as you observe carefully, chemistry can be seen everywhere around us, and it affects our life from time to time. From the universe and the earth, to the air, water and food around us, there are “chemical” substances. Even our human beings are made up of various chemical elements. Not only that, chemistry is also a very useful subject. There are many laws to follow in the world. Some substances can be converted to each other, and some substances will have incredible changes together. Mastering these laws is of great guiding significance to the progress of human civilization. It can be said that chemistry is one of the main methods and means for human beings to understand and transform the material world. It is a discipline with a long history and full of vitality. Its achievements are an important symbol of social civilization. From the primitive society of using fire to the modern society of using various man-made materials, human beings are enjoying the fruits of chemistry. With the help of chemical knowledge, we can carry out production and life more scientifically, make effective use of energy, reduce pollution, develop drugs for relieving pain, etc.
      This book is mainly from the basic knowledge of chemistry, and introduces the corresponding chemical analysis and testing technology, so as to better present the whole chemistry foundation vein in front of readers, and lay a solid foundation for the further study of chemistry in the future.

前 言

化学是自然科学的基础。面向材料、冶金、能源、矿冶、环境等非化学化工专业本科生开设的“材料化学基础”课程，首要目的是培养学生的科学思维方法、科学素养、创新精神、工程意识和工程能力，启发学生认识化学在自然科学发展中的地位和化学在提高人类生活、生产水平方面的作用。“材料化学基础”注重化学与社会、生活、生产、研究的关系，强调化学知识的应用，力求体现化学学科知识的社会需求价值。
       化学与人们的生活息息相关。只要你细心观察，在我们周围化学处处可见，时时在影响着我们的生活。大到宇宙、地球，小到我们身边的空气、水、食物都含有“化学”物质，就连我们人类自身都是由各种化学元素构成的。不但如此，化学也是一门非常有用的学科，世界上的物质有很多规律可循。某些物质可以互相转换，某些物质在一起会发生不可思议的变化,掌握了这些规律， 对于人类文明的进步是非常有指导意义的。可以说，化学是人类用以认识和改造物质世界的主要方法和手段之一，它是一门历史悠久而又富有活力的学科，它的成就是社会文明的重要标志。从开始用火的原始社会， 到使用各种人造物质的现代社会， 人类都在享用化学成果。利用化学知识，我们可以更加科学地进行生产生活，有效利用能源，减少污染，研制缓解病痛的药物等等。
      本书主要是从化学基础知识入手，并且介绍了相应的化学分析检验技术，从而更好地将整个化学基础脉络呈现在读者面前，为今后更深层次的学习化学打下坚实的基础。