With the development of China’s economy, China’s transportation industry has been greatly developed, and China’s highway industry has also made considerable development. However, the construction and maintenance of highways need to be further improved. Only by ensuring the normal operation of highway construction and maintenance, can we reduce the quality problems of highways in China and ensure the normal use of highways.
    There are six chapters in this book. The introduction part briefly introduces the current situation and future of China’s highway construction and development, and the achievements of the state and individuals in the field of highway construction. And then it introduces the road planning, measurement, design, construction machinery and materials and other road construction preparations, focusing on the subgrade, pavement construction technology, new problems and solutions in the process of highway construction project management and road maintenance, with a view to contribute to the stable and healthy development of China’s highway.

前 言

随着我国经济的发展，我国的交通运输行业得到了极大的发展，我国公路事业也取得了长足的发展。然而，公路的施工与养护方面需要进一步提升。只有保障公路施工与养护方面的正常运行，才能减少我国公路的质量问题，保障公路的正常使用。
  本书共六章，开篇绪论部分简单介绍了我国公路建设发展的现状、未来与国家、个人在公路施工领域所取得的成就。后分别介绍公路规划、测量、设计、施工机械与材料等公路施工前准备工作，重点突出路基、 路面施工技术，公路施工项目管理与公路养护过程中存在的新问题与解决措施，以期为我国公路的稳步、健康发展做出自己的贡献。

With the rapid development of China’s economy, construction has become the most dynamic industry. Throughout the country, tens of thousands of high-rise buildings have sprung up; the rapid development of highway and railway construction has made remarkable achievements. The crisscross highway network and railway network continue to extend and improve, effectively promoting the sustained, rapid and healthy growth of the national economy.
    Highway engineering construction project is a one-time project, which is characterized by large scale, many variable factors, strong mobility of construction units and fierce industry competition. These characteristics require that the management of the project must be strengthened, so that the highway construction enterprises can set up the construction organization, set up the construction team and organize the implementation process of the project according to the requirements of the project management. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the progress, quality, labor, machinery, materials, cost, safety, environment, data, completion acceptance and other aspects of the project can be coordinated with each other and well controlled to ensure the smooth completion of the project.
    At the same time, with the emergence of new technology, new technology, new equipment and new materials, the demand for highway engineering personnel is higher and higher. The professional level and management ability of technical personnel in the basic construction organization of highway engineering have become the key to the orderly, efficient and high-quality completion of highway engineering construction projects. In view of this situation, we have compiled Highway and Bridge Construction and Project Management to facilitate the use of highway engineering personnel.
    Due to the limited professional level and teaching level of the editor, insufficient data collection and collation, and short writing time, errors and deficiencies are inevitable.Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them for better revision in the future.

前 言

随着我国经济的快速发展，建设已成为当今最具有活力的一个行业。 纵观全国，数以万计的高楼拔地而起；公路、铁路建设发展迅猛，成就斐然，纵横交错的公路网和铁路网不断延伸、完善，有力地推动着国民经济持续快速健康增长。
  公路工程施工项目属于一次性工程，其特点是规模大、变动因素多、施工单位流动性强、行业竞争激烈，这些特性要求必须加大项目的管理工作，使公路施工企业按照项目管理要求设置施工组织机构，组建施工队伍，对工程项目实施过程组织。

同时，又要保证工程进度、质量、劳动、机械、材料、成本、安全、环境、资料、竣工验收等方面能相互协调，并得到很好的控制，以保证项目顺利完成。同时，新技术、新工艺、新设备，新材料的不断涌现，对公路工程人员的要求越来越高。公路工程基层施工组织中的技术人员的业务水平和管理能力的高低，已经成为公路工程建设项目能否有序、高效、高质量完成的关键。针对这种情况，我们编写了《公路桥梁施工与项目管理》，以方便公路工程人员使用。
  由于编者业务水平和教学水平有限，资料收集和整理不够，编写时间仓促，错误和不足之处在所难免，敬请读者批评和指正，以便再版时修正。

In order to adapt to the modern high-speed development of the transportation industry, the bridge is also extended to span mountains and rivers, bad geology or meet other traffic needs to set up buildings to make the traffic more convenient. It provides great convenience for people to travel. Since the 21st century, the construction of highway & bridge in our country has entered the most brilliant period. A large number of long-span cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges and arch bridges with novel structure, complex technology, difficult design and construction, high modern grade and high technology content have been built in China. Rich experience in bridge design and construction has been accumulated. The construction level of highway & bridge in our country has ranked first in the world.
    As an important guarantee of human development, transportation has attracted more and more attention of human beings. As an important form of bridge construction, bridge has been developing and progressing constantly. This book aims at the development of bridge construction in our country, then analyzes the construction technology of highway & bridge, analyzes the common quality problems and prevention measures of bridge construction, and finally aims at the new technology, materials and technology in the public application of highway and bridge construction.
    The construction of highway & bridge engineering has characteristics of strong fluidity, many temporary facilities and complex construction procedures. These characteristics determine that the highway & bridge construction has a high safety risk. In addition to the rapid expansion of the scale of highway construction team and the uneven technical level of construction personnel, the construction safety technology and risk control is particularly important. “There is no small matter for safety and detail determine the success”. In the prevention and advanced control of the safety management of highway and bridge construction, we should pay attention to every small matter, pay attention to every detail, make the small matter detailed, make the details strict, practical and in place, and make safety to the refined management.
    Bridge plays an important role in the development of national economy in China. Standardization construction has become an important reference for bridge construction management, so as to ensure the safety of bridge construction, improve construction quality and create more economic and social benefits.
    Limited to the level of editors, mistakes and deficiencies are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct the mistakes, omissions and irregularities found in the use of this book. It will be appreciated very much.

前 言

为适应现代高速发展的交通行业，桥梁亦引申为跨越山川、不良地质或满足其他交通需要而架设的使通行更加便捷的建筑物，为人们出行提供了极大的便利。 21世纪以来我国公路桥梁的建设进入了一个最辉煌的时期，在中华大地上建设了一大批结构新颖、技术复杂、设计和施工难度大、现代化品位和科技含量高的大跨径斜拉桥、悬索桥、拱桥，积累了丰富的桥梁设计和施工经验，我国公路桥梁建设水平已跻身于国际先进行列。
  交通作为人类发展的重要保证，越来越引起当今人类的重视，桥梁作为其中的一种重要形式，也不断地发展进步，本书针对我国桥梁建设的发展，其次分析公路桥梁施工技术，然后分析了桥梁工程施工质量通病及防治措施， 最后就针对新技术、新材料、新工艺在公路桥梁施工中的应用。
  公路桥梁工程施工有着流动性强、临时设施多、施工工序复杂等特点。这些特点决定了公路桥梁工程施工有着很高的安全风险， 加之公路建设队伍规模急剧扩张，施工人员技术水平参差不齐，其施工安全技术与风险控制就显得尤为重要。“安全无小事，细节决定成败”，在公路桥梁工程施工安全管理工作的事前预防、超前控制上，抓好每一件小事，重视每一个细节，把小事做细，把细节做严、做实、做到位，向精细化管理要安全。
  桥梁在我国国民经济发展过程中发挥了重要作用，标准化建设成为当前桥梁施工管理的重要参考依据，从而保证桥梁工程施工安全，提升施工质量，创造更多的经济效益和社会效益。
  限于编者水平，错误和不足之处在所难免，欢迎广大读者对本书使用过程中发现的错误、疏漏和不妥之处给予批评指正，不胜感激。  

Under the background of economic globalization and higher education internationalization, the financial work of colleges and universities is more and more important as the central work of personnel training, scientific research, social services and so on, and gradually moves from the edge of higher education management to the core of higher education management.
     Financial management is one of the core parts in the management of colleges and universities. It not only undertakes the important task of raising and distributing funds for colleges and universities, but also manages the funds of colleges and universities, such as accounting, supervision and assessment, which has a direct impact on the connotation and extension construction and development of teaching and scientific research. At the end of the 20th century, after a large-scale enrollment expansion, China’s higher education has gradually achieved popularization. With the continuous expansion of the scale of running a university, the increasingly complex economic activities, the contradiction between the supply and demand of funds is more prominent, the source and application of funds are diversified, so the financial situation of the university is facing a more complex situation. It is of great significance for the stable development of colleges and universities, the construction of education and the cultivation of social talents to study the financial management of colleges and universities in China.
     Under the development trend of market economy globalization, knowledge economy marketization and global economic integration, in order to better adapt to the needs of university running autonomy, diversified economic interests, complicated economic relations and refined financial management, and to further improve the needs of modern university management, the financial work in colleges and universities must focus on the reform and development of financial management, innovate the system, invigorate the mechanism, improve the system and standardize the management.
      Due to the limited time and ability, although we have done our best in the process of writing this book, there are still some mistakes and improprieties in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

在经济全球化、高等教育国际化背景下，高校的财务工作与人才培养、科学研究、社会服务等各项中心工作一样，其地位和作用越来越重要，并从高等教育管理的边缘逐渐走向高等教育管理的核心。

财务管理是高校管理工作中的核心部分之一，不仅承担着为高校筹集、分配资金的重要任务，同时还必须对高校资金进行核算、监督、考核等管理工作，其对教学科研内涵及外延建设和发展起着直接的影响。 在 20 世纪末经历了规模较大的扩招后，我国高等教育已逐步实现了大众化。随着高校办学规模的不断扩大，经济活动日益复杂，经费供求矛盾更加突出，资金来源与运用呈现多元化，因此高校财务面临着更加复杂的局面。研究我国高校财务管理问题，对高校稳定发展、对我国教育事业建设和社会人才培养都具有重要的意义。
  在市场经济全球化、知识经济市场化和全球经济一体化的发展趋势下，为更好地适应我国高校办学自主化、经济利益多元化、经济关系复杂化、财务管理精细化的需要，为进一步完善现代高校治理的需要，高校财务工作必须紧紧围绕财务管理改革与发展这一中心，创新体制，搞活机制，完善制度，规范管理。
  由于时间和能力有限，我们在本书的撰写过程中虽已尽心尽力，但书中难免存在错误和不当之处，敬请广大读者批评指正。

In the field of microbiology, the development of molecular biology, molecular genetics and ecology has promoted the development of environmental microbiology. Many microbial application technologies have penetrated into the environmental protection work, and played an important role in improving human living environment and eliminating environmental pollution. Microorganism is the basic component of natural ecosystem, which is closely connected with material circulation and energy flow. It decomposes all kinds of organic matters in the environment, including all kinds of wastes and organic pollutants generated by human activities, maintains the relative balance of natural ecosystem while maintaining its growth and reproduction, and helps human beings“clean” the environment.
   Environmental microbiology is a professional basic course for environmental protection majors. It provides students with the necessary basic theories and experimental skills of microorganisms for learning water pollution control engineering, air pollution control engineering, environmental monitoring, solid waste treatment and utilization and other professional courses. Higher vocational colleges train high skilled applied talents to meet the needs of production, service and management. For this purpose, the compilation of this textbook systematically introduces the basic knowledge of microbial morphology, structure, nutrition, metabolism, growth and reproduction, and genetic variation in accordance with the principles of “theoretical teaching sufficiency” and “practice, practicality and practice”. On the basis of meeting the needs of subsequent courses, some contents are adjusted and deleted. For example, the metabolism of microorganisms is only introduced the metabolism of production capacity. In the practical application of microorganisms, the influence of microorganisms on the environment, the role of microorganisms in the natural material circulation, and the application of microbial technology in environmental management are introduced. The experimental part includes the basic skills and operation methods of microorganisms, the detection of microorganisms in water and air, the separation, screening and cultivation of high efficient pollutant degradation strains.
    Due to the limited level of editors, it is difficult to avoid the mistakes or omissions in the book. We sincerely ask our colleagues and readers to criticize and correct them.

前 言

在微生物学领域里，由于分子生物学、分子遗传学以及生态学的发展，促进了环境微生物学的发展，许多微生物应用技术渗透到环境保护工作中，为改善人类的生存环境和消除环境污染起到了重要作用。微生物是自然生态系统中的基本成分，物质循环和能量流动与之紧密相连，它通过分解环境中的各种有机物，其中包括人类活动产生的各类废弃物和有机污染物，在维持自身生长繁殖的同时，也维持了自然生态系统的相对平衡，帮助人类“清洁”环境。
  环境微生物学是环境保护类专业的专业基础课，它为学生学习水污染控制工程、大气污染控制工程、环境监测、固体废弃物处理与利用等专业课程提供了必需的微生物基本理论和实验技能。高职高专培养的是适应生产、服务、管理第一线需要的高技能应用型人才，以此为目标，本教材的编写按照“理论教学够用为度”及“实际、实用、实践”的原则，比较系统地介绍了微生物形态、构造、营养、代谢、生长繁殖及遗传异等基础知识，在满足后续课程需要的基础上，对部分内容做了调整和删减，例如，微生物代谢部分只介绍了产能代谢。在微生物的实际应用方面，介绍了微生物对环境产生的影响，微生物在自然界物质循环中的作用，微生物技术环境治理中的应用等内容。实验部分包括微生物的基本技能和操作方法，水中、空气中微生物的检测，污染物高效降解菌株的分离、筛选、培养等实验。
  由于编者水平有限，书中不妥或错漏之处难以避免，恳请广大同仁、读者批评指正。