In order to prolong the service life of roads, ensure smooth traffic and seriously implement the policy of "prevention first and prevention combined", it is necessary to adhere to daily maintenance, timely repair damaged parts, regularly keep roads intact, smooth, clean, beautiful and periodically carry out preventive large and medium-sized maintenance, gradually improve technical conditions, and improve road use quality and disaster resistance ability.
  Pavement maintenance and preventive road maintenance have far exceeded the long-term understanding of road maintenance engineering itself. We should strengthen the implementation of maintenance and preventive road maintenance, and establish the maintenance planning, concept and management system of the whole road network. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the research, implementation and promotion of application technology matching with pavement maintenance and preventive road maintenance. Road maintenance is multifaceted and very important. In order to make the highway serve the national economy better, the management should be further strengthened. The highway should be brought into the track of scientific maintenance and standardized management, so as to consolidate and improve the technical condition of the highway.

前 言

为延长道路的使用周期，保障畅通，认真贯彻“预防为主，防治结合”的方针，坚持日常保养，及时修复损坏部分，经常保持道路完好、畅通、整洁、美观、周期性地进行预防性大中修，逐步改善技术状况，提高道路的使用质量和抗灾能力。
        路面保值和预防性道路养护已经远远超过我国长期理解的道路养护工程本身。我们应加强路面保值型和预防性的道路养护实施，建立让道路保值或增值的全路网路面资产养护规划、理念和管理体制。同时加强与路面保值和预防性道路养护相配套的应用技术研究、实施和推广。道路的养护工作是多方面的，也是十分重要的。为了使公路能更好地为国民经济服务，应进一步加强管理，切实把公路纳入科学养护与规范化管理的轨道，使公路的技术状况得到巩固，改善和提高。

In recent years, under the background of global economic integration, China’s urban development process is gradually accelerating. In the process of urban construction, scientific and reasonable urban planning and design can not only greatly improve people’s travel convenience, but also provide the necessary guarantee for economic development. But at present, many cities in China, including the first tier cities, have the phenomenon of unbalanced urban planning and design, blind pursuit of modernization and neglect of ecological environment, which has restricted the long-term healthy development of cities to a certain extent.
   The task of urban design is to create a comfortable, convenient, efficient, healthy and beautiful material and social environment for people, and build an organic space order and social order for urban communities. It is a comprehensive planning and design work, which requires to integrate the needs of various professions, make reasonable arrangements and coordinate development. It is a reasonable design of urban space environment, mainly based on reality, but also ideal and rich imagination. Its goal is the unity and perfection of urban space environment, the best optimization of comprehensive benefits, and the organic coordination of social life.
   It is necessary for urban planning and design to adapt to urban development. The majority of urban planning and design workers only effectively implement the urban planning, and fully consider the humanities, environment, resources, culture and other aspects, so as to truly promote the urban planning and design more reasonable and long-term, and truly promote the long-term development of the city and drive the sustainable progress of the whole urban economy.

前 言

近年来，在全球经济一体化的大背景下，我国的城市发展进程逐渐加快，而在城市建设的过程中，科学合理的城市规划设计不仅可以大幅提高人们出行的便利，同时也可为经济发展提供必要的保障。但就目前来看，我国许多包括一线城市在内的城市都普遍存在着城市规划设计不平衡、 盲目追求现代化、 忽略生态环境的现象，且已经在一定程度上制约了城市的长期健康发展。
       城市设计的任务是要为人们创造一个舒适宜人、方便高效、卫生优美的物质环境和社会环境，为城市社区建设一种有机空间秩序和社会秩序，它是一项综合规划设计工作，要求能综合各专业的需要，做到合理安排，协调发展。它是对城市空间环境的合理设计，主要立足于现实，又要有理想并具有丰富想象力，其目标是城市空间环境的统一、完美；综合效益上的最佳优化；社会生活上的有机协调。
      城市规划设计适应城市发展是十分必要的，而广大城市规划设计工作者只有切实将城市规划落到实处，并充分考虑到人文、环境、资源、文化等多个方面，才能真正促使城市规划设计更加合理、长期，才能真正推动城市的长期发展并带动整个城市经济的可持续进步。

Nowadays, with the development of urban-rural integration in China, urban water supply and drainage engineering has become a key work of urban construction. In the future urban construction and development, systematic and reasonable water supply and drainage engineering is the skeleton and important support of urban survival and development, and one of the symbols of urban modernization level. If the water supply and drainage engineering construction is not perfect, the development of the city will also be subject to many restrictions. Therefore, in the development of urban construction, water supply and drainage engineering should have a good and correct direction, which can be conducive to the current construction of our country’s cities. From the current situation of urban water supply and drainage engineering, there are still some problems, which seriously restrict the development of urban construction. Only by taking reasonable and effective measures to make the water supply and drainage engineering develop in the direction of rationalization, energy consumption minimization and water quality improvement and optimization, can it contribute to the future development of the city.

  Nowadays, our country's economic development has been in the rapid development of the train track, in its rapid economic development, urban construction is also constantly improving and developing. At the same time, people pay more and more attention to the importance of water. Therefore, the importance of urban water supply and drainage engineering is getting more and more attention. As we all know, our country has a vast territory, abundant resources and a large population, so the current situation of water shortage is also very serious. If a city wants to have a good development, it must advocate the concept of saving water. The development of the city is inseparable from the construction of water supply and drainage engineering. The city is a part of the society. With the sustainable and stable development of the society, the city as a basic component, if the reasonable design of water supply and drainage engineering is not only conducive to the development of urban construction, but also conducive to the sustainable construction and development of social stability, the most important thing is that it can change the quality of life of people. At present, in the process of urban water supply and drainage engineering system planning, we should change the old ideas and adopt scientific and reasonable planning system to prevent water resources from being polluted and wasted. In short, we must attach great importance to the importance of the current urban water supply and drainage engineering, in order to reflect the significance of our country's current urban water supply and drainage engineering is very important. From the current situation of our country's urban water supply and drainage engineering, there are still some problems. Therefore, only by correctly treating the existing problems and finding out reasonable solutions and suggestions, can we find the right way out.

前 言

现今随着我国城乡一体化的发展，当前城市给排水工程已经成为城市建设的一项重点工作。在未来的城市建设发展中，系统的、合理的给排水工程是城市生存和发展的骨架和重要支撑，是城市现代化水平的标志之一。如果给排水工程建设不完善，城市的发展也会受到诸多限制。因此在城市建设发展中，给排水工程要有一个好的、正确的方向发展，才能有利于当前我们国家城市的建设。从当前城市给排水工程的现状来看，仍然存在着一些问题，这些问题严重的制约了城市建设的发展，只有采取合理有效的解决措施使给排水工程向合理化、能耗最小化及水质提升优化方向发展，才会有助于城市未来的发展。
       现今我们国家的经济发展一直处在快速发展的列车轨道上，在其经济迅猛发展中， 城市建设也在不断的完善与发展。 与此同时， 人们越来越重视水的重要性。 因此，当前城市给排水工程的重要性越来越得到更多人士的重视。大家都知道，我们国家地大物博，人口众多，因此水资源短缺现状也很严重。一个城市建设要想有一个好的发展，就必须提倡节约用水的理念。城市的发展离不开给排水工程建设。城市是社会组成的一部分，社会持续稳定的发展，城市作为基础组成部分，如果给排水工程合理的设计不仅有利于城市建设发展，更有助于社会稳定持续建设发展，最主要的是可以改变人们的生活质量。当前城市给排水工程系统规划的过程中，要改变陈旧理念，采用科学合理的规划系统，以防止水资源受到污染和浪费。 总之，我们要高度的重视当前城市给排水工程的重要性，才能体现我们国家当前城市给排水工程的意义非常之重大。从当前我们国家城市给排水工程的现状来看， 任然存在着一些问题，为此只有正确对待其存在的问题，找出合理的解决建议，才是正确的出路。

With the rapid development of the city and the transitional development of resources, it will inevitably bring serious problems such as environmental pollution, energy shortage, traffic congestion and water shortage. A large number of civil engineering projects have sprung up. Every day, a large area of good farmland is replaced by reinforced concrete, and can not be regenerated. The contradiction between living, transportation and environment is becoming increasingly prominent. “Sustainable development” is put forward as a national policy in front of every discipline and industry. Civil engineering circles also comply with the trend of leaving more living soil on the ground for agriculture and the environment, making underground space a safe and comfortable second space for human beings on the earth. People have to ask for living space underground to relieve the pressure brought by the shortage of land resources. Therefore, the 21st century will be the development century of underground space.

  The international community has proposed that “the 21st century should be the era for human beings to develop and utilize underground space”, while Japan has proposed to utilize underground space and expand its territory several times. China has also begun to pay attention to the legislative work of underground space utilization, and various regions have begun to carry out the development and planning of underground space. Due to the scarcity of land resources, the increasing pressure of population and the principle of sustainable development of human beings, the 21st century will usher in a new century of global underground space development. At present, it has entered the rapid development stage of underground engineering construction. Because of its particularity, underground engineering construction is a high-risk construction project, so the majority of civil engineers need to sum up and draw lessons from the past underground engineering construction, so that underground engineering facilities can really benefit the people.

前 言

随着城市的快速发展，资源的过渡开发，必然会带来环境污染、能源紧张、交通拥挤和水资源短缺等严重问题，大量的土建工程拔地而起，每天都看到大片良田被钢筋混凝士所取代，并且无法再生，居住、交通、环境的矛盾日益突出。“可持续发展”作为国策提出，摆在每个学科、每个产业的面前，土木工程界也顺应潮流把地面活土多留点给农业和环境，使地下空间成为人类在地球上安全舒适的第二个空间，人们不得不向地下要生存空间，以缓解土地资源紧张而带来的压力。为此，二十一世纪将成为地下空间的发展世纪。
      国际上已提出把“二十一世纪作为人类开发利用地下空间的年代”，日本提出要利用地下空间，把国土扩大数倍。中国也开始重视地下空间利用的立法工作，各地区已开始进行地下空间的开发规划； 由于土地资源的稀缺， 人口压力的不断增大，地下工程又符合人类可持续发展的原则， 因此 21 世纪将迎来全球地下空间开发的新世纪。 目前已经进入了地下工程建设的飞速发展阶段。 地下工程建设由于其特殊性，属于高风险的建设项目，因此需要广大土木工程师们多总结和吸取以往地下工程建设中的经验和教训，使地下工程设施起到真正造福于民的作用。

Urban road is an important part of urban life, which is closely related to the daily activities of urban residents. The ideal road not only meets the needs of transportation and travel, but also brings people the feeling of beauty. In order to ensure the reasonable and orderly sustainable development of urban traffic, we must start from the internal
mechanism of urban traffic system and its interaction with external environmental conditions to carry out reasonable traffic management planning. Specifically speaking, we should solve the problem from the aspects of supply and demand from the three levels of urban structure and land use, urban traffic structure, and the improvement and full utilization of urban traffic network. Therefore, road traffic management is an important part of urban master plan. It is necessary to plan urban road traffic management. The compilation and implementation of urban road traffic management planning is conducive to improving the overall management and civilization level of China’s cities and adapting to the sustainable development of national economy and the whole society. 

  Urban road traffic is a systematic project. Improving road design can only improve the conditions of road traffic from one aspect, but it can not fundamentally solve the current situation of urban road traffic in China. Therefore, while improving the road design, a series of measures should be taken to ensure that the whole urban road traffic system is in a healthy state of development.

前 言

城市道路是城市生活的重要组成部分，与城市居民的日常活动息息相关。理想的道路在满足交通运输和出行需要的同时，还会带给人们美的感受。为了保证城市交通合理、有序的可持续性发展。必须从城市交通系统的内在机制及其与外部环境条件之间的相互作用关系出发来进行合理的交通管理规划。具体而言，应从城市结构与土地利用、城市交通结构、城市交通网络的完善与充分利用三个层次，从供给和需求方面解决问题。因此，道路交通管理工作是城市总体规划中重要的环节。城市道路交通管理规划也就显得十分必要而之切。而城市道路交通管理规划的编制与实施，有利于提高我国城市整体管理与文明水平，适应国民经济和整个社会可持续发展。
      城市道路交通是一个系统工程，完善道路设计只能从一个方面改善道路交通的条件，但不能从根本上解决我国城市道路交通的现状。因此，在完善道路设计的同时， 应采取一系列措施， 确保整个城市道路交通系统处于一个健康的发展状态之中。