Energy sources is the basis for developing economic, improving the living standards and making civilization progressing. Through the large-scale use of energy, human beings have met the needs of development of society and improvement of living standards. However, the pollutants discharged in the process of energy utilization(such as dust, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrocarbon, microparticle and greenhouse gases) are rapidly destroying the ecological balance of the earth and the living environment of human beings.
  Electric power industry is the basic industry of national economy, with the rapid development of social economic, the demand for electric power keeps increasing. As the basic equipment of energy conversion in thermal power plant, the power station boiler has undergone great changes in equipment and operation technology. The safety, economy, environmental protection property and the degree of automation have been improved continuously.
  The use of large capacity and supercritical parameter in fire power generator is an effective way to improve the economic efficiency of generator set, which has been widely used by advanced countries, around the world, and China will also take the supercritical unit as a key to the construction of thermal power generating unit in the future. With the rapid development of national economy and the improvement of people's living standards, our electric power industry is also developing at an unprecedented speed, at present, a number of domestic supercritical units have been put into operation or under construction. This marks the manufacturing and operating levels of thermal power generation equipment has entered a new stage, therefore, accelerating the research on the key technologies in the manufacturing and operating the supercritical power units has become a realistic and glorious task for China's power workers.

前 言

能源是人类经济发展、生活水平提高、文明进步的基础。人类通过对能源的大规模的利用，满足了社会不断发展和生活水平不断提高的需要。但能源利用过程中排放的污染物（粉尘、二氧化硫、氧化氮，碳氢化合物、微颗粒、温室气体等）也正在急剧破坏着地球的生态平衡和人类自身的生存环境。
        电力工业是国民经济的基础产业，随着社会经济的快速发展，电力需求不断增长。电厂锅炉作为火电厂能量转换的基础设备，在设备及运行技术方面也发生了巨大的变化。锅炉运行的安全性、经济性、环保性和自动化程度都得到了不断的改善。

火力发电机组采用大容量和超临界参数是提高发电机组经济性的有效途径，已经被世界先进国家所广泛采用，我国也将超临界机组作为今后一个时期火电机组建设的重点之一。随着国民经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国电力工业也正在以前所未有的速度发展，目前，一批国产超临界机组已经投产或正在兴建。这标志着我国火力发电设备的制造和运行水平都进入了一个新阶段，因此加快研究超临界机组制造和运行中的关键技术也就成了我国动力工作者面临一项极具现实意义的光荣任务。

The 21st century is an important stage of China’s national economic development, and also a key period to comprehensively promote the new leap forward development of transportation. According to the basic national conditions of our country, the Ministry of Transportation has put forward the grand blueprint of transportation development. The Ministry of Transportation proposes that by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan, China’s national expressway network will be basically completed, with a total mileage of 108000 km, covering more than 90% of the urban population of more than 200000. In terms of highway transportation, we should comprehensively improve the highway network planning, promote the planning and construction of the national highway network, form a trunk highway network system with clear levels, perfect functions, clear rights and responsibilities, focus on the construction of national highways, implement the transformation of national and provincial highways, and continue to promote the construction of rural highways. The scale of the highway network has been further expanded, and the technical quality has been significantly improved. The total mileage of highways has reached 4.5 million km, the mileage of class II and above highways has reached 650000 km, and the overall technical conditions of national and provincial highways have reached a good level. Thus, highway engineering construction is still an important economic construction needs.

  The 21st century is an important stage of China’s national economic development, and also a key period to comprehensively promote the new leap forward development of transportation. According to the basic national conditions of our country, the Ministry of Transportation has put forward the grand blueprint of transportation development. The Ministry of Transportation proposes that by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan, China’s national expressway network will be basically completed, with a total mileage of 108000 km, covering more than 90% of the urban population of more than 200000. In terms of highway transportation, we should comprehensively improve the highway network planning, promote the planning and construction of the national highway network, form a trunk highway network system with clear levels, perfect functions, clear rights and responsibilities, focus on the construction of national highways, implement the transformation of national and provincial highways, and continue to promote the construction of rural highways. The scale of the highway network has been further expanded, and the technical quality has been significantly improved. The total mileage of highways has reached 4.5 million km, the mileage of class II and above highways has reached 650000 km, and the overall technical conditions of national and provincial highways have reached a good level. Thus, highway engineering construction is still an important economic construction needs.

前 言

进入 21 世纪， 这是我国国民经济发展的重要阶段， 也是全面推进交通新的跨越式发展的关键时期。 根据我国的基本国情， 交通运输部提出了交通发展的宏伟蓝图。交通运输部提出：“十二五”末，我国国家高速公路网将基本建成，高速公路总里程达到 10.8 万公里，届时将覆盖 90%以上的 20 万以上城镇人口城市。在公路交通方面，要全面完善公路网规划，推进国家公路网规划建设，形成层次清晰、功能完善、权责分明的干线公路网络系统，重点建设国家高速公路，实施国道与省道改造，继续推进农村公路建设。公路网规模进一步扩大，技术质量明显提升，公路总里程达到 450 万公里，二级及以上公路里程达到 65 万公里，国道、省道总体技术状况达到良好水平。由此可见，公路工程施工仍然是一项重要经济建设需要。
      工程实践证明，公路工程的质量如何，关键在于提高设计和施工的质量，其中最重要的是保证所用材料的质量和工程施工质量，因此，公路工程的材料检测和严把施工质量关，是确保工程质量的重要环节。我们根据我国公路工程建设的实际和教学、工作中的经验，参考有关技术资料编写了本书，希望能给读者提供参考和建设性意见。

      Urban public transportation is mass transportation. It is the necessary public infrastructure for urban production and life. It is an important link to prosper urban economy and improve residents’ life. It is also the window of urban spiritual civilization. It serves the public and is a people-oriented transportation system. With the development of economy and society, the diversity of people’s travel demand is more obvious. The development of ordinary public transport system has been unable to meet the needs of current urban passengers, so we must develop a variety of public transport systems such as large capacity and BRT to meet their diverse needs. In addition, with the development of urban-rural economic integration and the realization of economic policies such as urban guiding rural development, urban radiation transportation and urban-rural integration transportation also need to be included in urban transportation planning, which makes urban public transportation system planning need more comprehensive theoretical guidance. Based on this purpose, this book is compiled.
    Urban public transport planning is one of the important professional basic courses for transportation majors. This course plays an important role in correctly understanding the principles of public transport planning and guiding practical work for students of transportation majors. It also lays a foundation for understanding and learning other professional courses.

前 言

        城市公共交通是大众交通，它是城市生产和生活所必需的公共基础设施，是繁荣城市经济和改善居民生活的重要环节， 是城市精神文明的窗口。 它面向大众服务，是以人为本的交通系统。随着经济社会的发展，人们出行需求的多样性体现得更加明显，普通公共交通系统发展已经不能满足目前城市旅客的需求，使得我们必须发展大容量、快速公交等多样的公共交通系统来满足其多样性的需求。另外，随着城乡经济一体化的发展，城市引导农村发展等经济政策的实现，也需要我们把城市辐射交通、城乡一体化交通列入城市交通规划的内容，这使得对城市公共交通系统规划需要有更加全面的理论来指导，基于此目的编写了本书。
        城市公共交通规划是交通运输类专业的重要专业基础课之一，本课程对交通运输类专业的学生正确认识公共交通规划原理并用以指导实际工作具有重要的作用，同时也为了解和学习其他专业课奠定基础。

    The existence and development of human beings on the earth is inseparable from the determination of the location of points, the determination of boundary points and lines, the determination of the area of these places and the location of construction projects.Surveying science is developed to meet the needs of human survival and development and positioning technology of construction engineering. The task of construction engineering survey mainly includes mapping and surveying. Surveying and mapping refers to the use of measuring instruments and tools, through field measurement and calculation to obtain a series of measurement information, the earth's surface topography into a topographic map or compiled into data for economic construction, planning and design, scientific research and national defense construction.
      Engineering survey usually refers to the general term of various survey theories, methods and engineering survey technologies used in the survey, design, construction and management stages of engineering construction. The service field of traditional engineering survey technology includes construction, water conservancy, transportation, mining and other industries, and its basic content includes mapping and lofting. Modern engineering survey has far broken through the concept of only serving engineering construction. It not only involves the measurement of static and dynamic geometric and physical quantities, but also includes the analysis of measurement results and even the prediction of the development trend of objects. 

    Today, China is in the tide of national informatization. The country should promote modernization and accelerate the economic and social development of our country by promoting informatization. It is in the context of national information construction that promotes the development of Surveying and mapping information. The demand of national economic construction and social sustainable development for geospatial information such as time, space and attribute or generalized surveying and mapping information is also growing rapidly. Surveying and mapping disciplines and industries are playing an increasingly important role in national informatization and modernization. In order to meet the needs of national information construction, surveying and mapping is beginning to enter a new stage of information surveying and mapping. Therefore, it puts forward higher requirements for the construction of Surveying and mapping talent team.

前 言

        人类在地球上的生存、发展离不开点位置的确定，离不开边界点、边界线的确定， 离不开这些场所的面积以及建筑工程的位置测定。 测量科学正是适应人类生存、发展的需要和建筑工程建设的定位技术需求而发展起来。建筑工程测量的任务主要包括测绘和测设两部分。测绘是指使用测量仪器和工具，通过实地测量和计算得到一系列测量信息，把地球表面的地形绘成地形图或编制成数据资料，供经济建设、规划设计、科学研究和国防建设使用。
        工程测量通常是指在工程建设的勘测设计、施工和管理阶段中运用的各种测量理论、方法和工程测量技术的总称。传统工程测量技术的服务领域包括建筑、水利、交通、矿山等行业，其基本内容有测图和放样两部分。现代工程测量已经远远突破了仅仅为工程建设服务的概念，它不仅涉及工程的静态、动态几何与物理量测定，而且包括对测量结果的分析，甚至对物体发展变化的趋势进行预报。
        当今中国正处于国家信息化大潮之中，国家要通过推进信息化，促进现代化，加速我国经济、社会的发展。正是在国家信息化建设的大背景下促使测绘信息化的发展。国民经济建设和社会可持续发展对诸如时间、空间、属性这类地理空间信息或者说广义测绘信息的需求也在迅速增长。测绘学科和行业在国家信息化和现代化建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用。为了适应国家信息化建设的需求，测绘正开始步入信息化测绘新阶段。由此对测绘人才队伍建设提出了更高的要求。

Expressway is a kind of modern highway transportation facility, and a special highway for cars to drive, which provides basic conditions and guarantee for the fast, safe, comfortable and continuous operation of cars. The construction of expressways can not only greatly improve the conditions of highway transportation, but also produce huge economic and social benefits, and bring about a huge change in people's beliefs. With the increase of investment, the continuous expansion of road network scale and the basic formation of the industrialization development trend, expressways occupy an increasingly important position in the national and regional transportation system, and also play a significant role in our economic life, profoundly influencing national and regional economic systems. Therefore, the construction and management of expressways in our country, as a special economic phenomenon, continuously influences and changes our life style, and also arouses the attention and consideration of the whole society. In recent years, with the rapid development of the national economy, the construction pace of domestic highways has also accelerated. Many provinces have carried out many useful explorations in highway maintenance, road administration, toll and operation management, and received remarkable results. All sectors of society have a high evaluation on the service level of highways. But at the same time, there are many problems in highway management across the country, which need to be studied and resolved as soon as possible.
  Expressway construction refers to the process of making decisions, planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling for all activities in the construction process of expressway engineering projects. It integrates many related professional knowledge, such as traffic engineering, economics, and management, and involves the intersection of multiple disciplines. Due to its short development history and rapid construction development, the current popularization of knowledge and theoretical research on highways in our country generally lags behind the pace of highway construction and development practices. This book is specially compiled to better adapt to the needs of the rapid development of highway construction in our country, and to meet people's needs for understanding highways.

前 言

高速公路是一种现代化的公路交通设施，是专供汽车行驶的专用公路，为汽车的快速、安全、舒适、连续地运行提供了基本条件和保证。高速公路的建设不仅能够极大地改善公路交通运输状况，而且也能够产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益，带来人们观念上的巨大变革。随着投资的增加、路网规模的不断扩大以及产业化发展的态势基本形成，高速公路不仅在国家及地区交通运输体系中占有越来越重要的地位，同时也在我们的经济生活中扮演着日益重要的角色，对国家、地区经济系统产生着十分深远的影响。因此，我国高速公路建设和管理作为一种特殊的经济现象，在不断地影响和改变我们的生活方式的同时，也引发了全社会的关注和思考。近年来，随着国民经济迅猛发展，国内高速公路建设的步伐也随之加快。各省在高速公路的养护、路政、收费和运营管理等方面进行了许多有益的探索，取得了显著成绩，社会各界对高速公路的服务水平有着较高的评价。但同时，全国的高速公路管理工作也存在不少问题，需要尽快研究，加以解决。
      高速公路建设与施工是以高速公路工程项目为对象，对其建设过程中的所有活动进行决策、计划、组织、协调和控制的过程。它综合了交通工程、经济、管理等相关专业知识，涉及多学科的交叉。由于其发展历史较短、建设发展速度快，目前我国有关高速公路知识的普及和理论的研究总体上滞后于高速公路建设与施工与发展实践的步伐。为了更好地适应我国高速公路建设与施工事业迅速发展的需要，满足人们对高速公路认知的需求，特编写本书。