Highway bridge engineering construction project is a one-off project, which is characterized by large scale, many variable factors, strong liquidity of construction unit and fierce industry competition. These characteristics require that the project management must be strengthened, so that highway construction enterprises can set up construction
organization, set up construction team and organize project implementation process according to project management requirements. At the same time, we should ensure that the project progress, quality, labor, machinery, materials, cost, safety, environment, data, completion acceptance and other aspects can be coordinated and well controlled, so as to ensure the smooth completion of the project.

At the same time, in order to ensure the construction quality, our country has carried out the highway engineering supervision system, which is an important content of our country’s highway and bridge infrastructure construction management system reform, and is an effective measure to improve the investment efficiency and construction management level. With the rapid development of national highway, the demand for highway engineering supervision technical personnel is increasing, so it is urgent to cultivate a certain number of qualified highway engineering supervision personnel. The main task of supervision in the construction stage is that the supervision engineer must grasp the work of “five control, two management and one coordination” from the perspective of organization, technology, contract and economy, that is, quality control, safety control, environmental protection control, cost control, progress control, contract management, information management and organization coordination.
  In addition, with the emergence of new technology, new technology, new equipment and new materials, the requirements for highway engineering personnel are higher and higher. The professional level and management ability of the technical personnel in the basic construction organization of highway engineering has become the key to the orderly, efficient and high-quality completion of highway engineering construction projects. In view of this situation, we compiled Highway Bridge Engineering and Construction Project Management to facilitate the use of highway engineering personnel.

前 言

公路桥梁工程施工项目属于一次性工程，其特点是规模大、变动因素多、施工单位流动性强、行业竞争激烈，这些特性要求必须加大项目的管理工作，使公路施工企业按照项目管理要求设置施工组织机构，组建施工队伍，对工程项目实施过程组织。同时，又要保证工程进度、质量、劳动、机械、材料、成本、安全、环境、资料、竣工验收等方面能相互协调，并得到很好的控制，以保证项目顺利完成。
       同时，为保障施工质量，我国推行了公路工程监理制度，这是我国公路桥梁基本建设管理体制改革的一项重要内容， 是提高投资效益和施工管理水平的有效措施。随着国家高速公路的迅速发展，对公路工程监理技术人员的需求不断增加，培养一定数量的合格的公路工程监理人员已迫在眉睫。工程施工阶段监理的主要任务是，监理工程师必须从组织、技术、合同和经济的角度抓好“五控、两管、一协调”工作，即质量控制、安全控制、环境保护控制、费用控制、进度控制、合同管理、信息管理和组织协调。
       此外，新技术新工艺、新设备、新材料的不断涌现，对公路工程人员的要求越来越高。公路工程基层施工组织中的技术人员的业务水平和管理能力的高低，已经成为公路工程建设项目能否有序、高效、高质量完成的关键。针对这种情况，我们编写了《公路桥梁工程与施工项目管理》，以方便公路工程人员使用。

With the development of economy, the construction industry has also made rapid development, and in the social economy, the construction industry occupies a very important position. In recent years, people pay more attention to the whole process of construction cost, but some problems will appear in the process of cost management, which has a certain impact on the development of construction economy. In the construction management, the cost is an important part, which plays an important role in controlling the project funds. Only scientific and reasonable cost control can promote the development of construction economy.
  At the present stage, the continuous development of market economy intensifies the competition among enterprises to a certain extent. If a construction enterprise wants to achieve long-term sustainable development in the fierce competitive environment, it must enhance its own strength. However, as far as the current construction enterprises are concerned, there are still some problems in cost management in some small and medium-sized enterprises, which greatly reduces the economic benefits of enterprises. With the rapid development of economy, people pay more and more attention to the project cost. In the process of construction economic management, it is a very important part, which is directly related to the project cost, investment control and project efficiency.

前 言

随着经济的发展，建筑行业也取得了迅速的发展，而在社会经济中，建筑行业占据着非常重要的地位。近年来，人们对全过程的建筑工程造价关注度有所提高，但由于造价管理过程中会出现一些问题，对建筑经济的发展产生了一定的影响。而建筑管理中，造价是重要的组成部分，对工程的资金具有重要控制作用。只有科学合理的对造价进行控制，才能促进建筑经济的发展。
      现阶段，市场经济的不断发展在一定程度上加剧了各企业之间的竞争，而一个建筑企业要想在激烈的竞争环境中取得长期可持续发展，就必须将自身实力提升上来。然而，就当下建筑企业的实际来看，在部分中小企业中还存在成本管理方面的问题，以至于大大降低了企业的经济效益。随当前经济快速发展，人们越来越重视工程造价问题。在建筑经济管理的过程中，这是非常重要的一个组成部分，直接关系到工程成本、投资控制以及工程效益等。

For thousands of years, human beings have obtained various information from the objective world in the practical activities of transforming nature and society. This information has been refined and processed by the human brain and gradually transformed into knowledge. But knowledge must rely on a certain material carrier to exist. In the early society, humans stored and transmitted knowledge through their own brains. Due to the influence and constraints of various factors, it is difficult for the knowledge stored in the human brain to span space and time. With the development of social productivity, human beings have broken their own constraints and found a material carrier that exists outside the human body and transforms knowledge into some regular information symbols, which are recorded on the carrier. This new material carrier is literature. Literature, as a product of the combination of human spirit and material, is a record of human knowledge, information and activities, and a form of the existence and expression of scientific knowledge.

  The construction of information resources is a core basic work for libraries and other types of information institutions to carry out various business and service work. As an important information center of higher education, one of the main tasks of university library is to construct the document information resource system of the whole university, and provide literature information insurance for teaching, scientific research and discipline construction. It can be seen that the construction of information resources directly determines the level and quality of universities. In particular, the proposal of “double first-class” construction puts forward new opportunities and challenges for the construction of university library information resources. With the development of information technology, the formation of network environment and the advent of the “Internet+” era, fundamental changes have taken place in the theoretical system, acquisitioning work, organization and management, development and utilization, resource evaluation, guarantee system and sharing system of information resources construction. In the new era, how to effectively construct the construction and management of information resources in university libraries, and to maximize the co-construction and sharing of information resources construction, has always been one of the important topics studied by the library community.

前 言

几千年来，人类在改造自然和社会的实践活动中，获得了来自客观世界的各种信息，这些信息经过人类大脑的提炼和加工，逐渐转变为知识。但知识必须依赖一定事实上的物质载体才能存在。早期社会，人类是通过自身的大脑来存储和传播知识的，由于各种因素的影响和制约，存储在人类大脑的知识很难跨越空间和时间。随着社会生产力的发展，人类打破了自身的束缚，寻找到了一种自身身体外的物质载体，将知识转化为一些有规律的信息符号记录在载体上，这种新的物质载体就是文献。文献作为人类精神与物质相结合的产物，是人类知识信息及活动的记录，是科学知识存在和表现的形式。
       信息资源建设是图书馆和其他类型信息机构开展各项业务工作和服务工作的一项核心性基础性工作。高校图书馆作为高等教育的重要信息中心，其主要任务之一是建设全校的文献信息资源体系，为教学、科研和学科建设提供文献信息保障，可见信息资源建设工作直接决定着高校办学水平和办学质量。特别是“双一流"建设的提出， 为高校图书馆信息资源建设提出了新的机遇和挑战。 随着信息技术的发展，网络环境的形成和“互联网+”时代的到来，信息资源建设的理论体系、采访工作、组织管理、开发利用、资源评价、保障体系和共建共享都发生了根本性变化。如何有效构建新时期高校图书馆信息资源建设与管理，最大限度地实现信息资源建设的共建共享等相关问题，一直是图书馆界积极研究的重要课题之一。

The quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects is related to the national economy and people’s livelihood and the safety of urban and rural people’s lives and property, whether water conservancy and hydropower projects are to harness rivers, build urban flood control, remove waterlogging in low-lying areas, or store water for irrigation, solve drinking water, prevent pollution and develop hydropower. Project quality is not only related to project benefits, but also directly affects the sustainable, healthy and rapid development of national economy. Many years of construction engineering practice has proved that it is an important measure to make clear the responsibilities of all parties involved in the water conservancy project construction, implement the project quality responsibility system, strengthen the project quality management, and improve the overall quality of the quality control and quality assurance personnel of all parties involved in the construction, which is an important measure to ensure the safety of national property and the life and property of the residents, enhance the reputation of enterprises, and improve the economic benefits.

   Water conservancy and hydropower project construction project has the characteristics of large scale, long construction period, many production links, many participants, and many factors affecting the project quality. No matter which subject or link has problems, it will lead to quality defects and even major quality accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen quality supervision and quality inspection. Water conservancy project quality inspection is an essential means of project quality process control and an important basis for project quality acceptance.

前 言

水利水电工程无论是治理江河、兴建城市防洪、低洼地区除涝，还是蓄水灌溉、解决饮水、防治污染、开发水电，其质量好坏都关系到国计民生，关系到城乡人民生命财产的安全。工程质量不仅关系到工程效益，而且直接影响到国民经济可持续健康快速发展，可以毫不夸张地说“质量责任重于泰山”。多年建设工程实践证明，明确水利工程参建各方责任、落实工程质量责任制、加强工程质量管理、提高建设各方质量控制和质量保证人员的整体素质，是保障国家财产及入民生命财产安全，增强企业信誉，提高经济效益的重要举措。
      水利水电工程建设项目具有规模大、建设周期长、生产环节多、参与方多、影响工程质量的因素多等特点，不论是哪个主体出了问题，哪个环节出了问题，都会导致质量缺陷，甚至造成重大质量事故。因此防患于未然，加强质量监督，加强质量检测就显得尤为必要。水利工程质量检测是工程质量过程控制的必备手段，也是工程质量验收的重要依据。

With the development of human society and the improvement of living standards, consumers have higher requirements for food. Food is not only rich in nutrition and delicious, but also safe and hygienic.
   With the development of food quality and safety detection technology, it has become an important part of promoting the progress of food production enterprises. It is mainly reflected in the improvement of food quality and the whole process verification activities, and coordinated with the management activities of food production enterprises, thus effectively ensuring the steady improvement of food quality and constantly meeting the needs of social development and the improvement of people’s material living standards.

 Food quality and safety testing is one of the important means to ensure food quality and improve food safety. With the development of science and technology and the improvement of people’s requirements for food, food detection instruments are constantly updated, the level of detection technology, detection sensitivity and detection limit are constantly improved, and the detection methods are also constantly updated, especially for the rapid detection of toxic and harmful substances. Therefore, it is the responsibility and obligation of food testing institutions, food quality inspectors, quality control personnel and relevant scientific and technological personnel to fully understand and master the food quality and safety testing technology.

前 言

随着人类社会的发展和生活水平的提高，消费者对食品的要求更高，食品除营养丰富、美味可口外，还要安全、卫生。
       食品质量安全检测技术发展至今，已成为全面推进食品生产企业进步的重要组成部分。它突出地体现在通过提高食品质量和全过程验证活动，并与食品生产企业各项管理活动相协同，从而有力地保证了食品质量的稳步提高，不断满足社会日益发展和人们对物质生活水平提高的需求。
      食品的质量与安全性检测是确保食品质量，提高食品安全性的重要手段之一。随着科学技术的发展和人们对食品要求的提高，食品检测仪器不断换代，检测技术水平、检测灵敏度及检测限不断提高，检测方法也在不断更新，尤其是针对有毒有害物质的快速检测新方法不断推出。因此，全面了解和掌握食品质量与安全检测技术，是食品检测机构、食品质量检测人员、 品控人员及有关科技人员的责任和义务。