Pump is a general machine developed with the development of industry. By the 19th century, the foreign industrial developed countries had a relatively complete form and variety of pumps. Pumps are widely used, ranging from airplanes in the sky to drilling, mining and coal mining on the ground, automobiles, tanks on land, ships on the sea, urban and rural buildings, residents’ lives, factories’ boilers and pump stations, and agricultural drainage and irrigation. In order to ensure the normal operation of the pump, it is necessary to master the structure, use method and maintenance skills of the pump.Therefore, we have compiled the book: Research on the Use and Operation of Pumps.
   There are four aspects that affect the efficiency of pump equipment: First, the design and processing is not up to standard, which means that the design of the selected pump is unreasonable, and the manufacturing process control is improper, resulting in the loss of machinery and volume, resulting in the increase of pump operation energy consumption. Second, the production operation is continuous and uninterrupted. In this process, the equipment is scoured by the water flow for a long time, which increases the roughness of the impeller surface and the inner wall of the channel, increases the resistance of the inner channel, and reduces the operation efficiency of the equipment and increases the loss of the equipment. Third, in the production process, the pump blade back surface will produce a certain negative pressure, if not treated for a long time, it will gradually form honeycomb or cavitation. Fourth, in order to improve the water production effect, the relevant drugs will be put into the pump shell during the production process, and the raw water quality will also have a certain degree of impact on the pump components. After a long time of operation, dirt will be generated in the pump shell. In serious cases, the wall thickness of the pump shell will be increased and the operation efficiency of the equipment will be reduced. Therefore, it is very important to master the operation specification of pump, and to install, inspect and maintain the pump in the correct way.

前 言

泵是伴随着工业发展而发展起来的通用机械。 到 19 世纪， 国外工业发达国家已有了比较完整的泵的形式和品种。泵的应用范围非常广泛，从天上的飞机，到地上的钻井、采矿、掘煤；从陆地的汽车、各种机动车、坦克，到海上的舰船；从城乡建筑、居民生活、工厂的锅炉、泵站，到农业的排灌等，到处都能见到泵在工作。为了保证泵的正常运转，必须掌握泵的结构、使用方法及维修技能。为此，我们编写了《泵类设备使用与运行研究》这本书。
       影响机泵设备使用效能可从四个方面分析：第一，设计加工不过关，指所选机泵其设计不合理，加上制作工艺控制不当，使得机械、容积出现损失，造成机泵运行能耗增加。第二，生产作业具有持续不间断特点，在这个过程中，设备长期受水流冲刷作用，使得叶轮过水面以及流道内壁粗糙度增加，加大了内流道阻力，进而会降低设备运行效率，并造成设备损耗增加。第三，在生产过程中，机泵叶片背水面会产生一定负压，如果长时间未处理，会逐渐形成蜂窝或者气穴。第四，为提高制水效果，会在生产过程中向泵壳内投入相关药物，且原水水质也会对机泵构件产生一定程度的影响，长时间运行后会在泵壳内产生污垢，情况严重时会造成泵壳壁厚增加，降低设备运行效率。因此掌握机泵运行规范，并对机泵按照正确方式安装、检查与维修对机泵实现高效运行具有非常重要的意义。

Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, China’s construction industry has developed rapidly, and the construction market has initially formed. In order to meet the needs of market economy, the construction industry has carried out a series of major reforms.
   The implementation of construction management is a great change in the production and operation activities of construction enterprises. Its significance lies in: through the implementation of the construction project manager responsibility system, the separation of management and operation level, and the market-oriented management of internal resources, we can promote the internal structural adjustment of the enterprise, and finally realize the transformation from extensive operation to intensive operation, from speed type to efficiency type, from labor intensive type to the combination type of labor intensive and technology intensive. Through this transformation, the quality of construction enterprises can be improved as a whole to meet the objective needs of national economic development and reform and opening up to the international construction market.

   Construction enterprise is the main body of construction project management, and its production and operation activities are implemented in the construction market environment. The optimization of internal organization and management system, engineering contracting system, construction planning system and production factor management system of enterprises is the basis for improving the construction project management and even the production and operation activities of enterprises, and is also the necessary condition for survival and development in the fierce market competition.

前 言

改革开放 20 多年来，我国的建筑业发展很快，建筑市场已初步形成。为适应市场经济的需要，建筑业进行了一系列重大改革。
       推行施工管理是建筑施工企业生产经营活动的一次大变革。其意义在于：通过实行施工项目经理负责制、管理层与作业层分离、内部资源的市场化管理等，推动企业内部的结构调整，最终实现企业从粗放型经营向集约型经营的转变，从速度型向效益型的转变，从劳务密集型向劳务密集与技术密集结合型的转变。通过这种转变，从整体上提高施工企业的素质，以适应国民经济发展和改革开放走向国际建筑市场的客观需要。
      施工企业是施工项目管理的主体，其生产经营活动是在建筑市场大环境下实施的。企业内部的组织管理体制、工程承发包体制、施工计划体制、生产要素管理体制等的优化是使施工项目管理，乃至企业的生产经营活动完善和健全的基础，也是市场激烈竞争中生存和发展的必备条件。

From the application practice of intelligent construction technology in recent years, its application is not simply the application of new software. To be successful, intelligent construction needs a complete set of systems, plans and methods, and an executive team should match it. The construction industry practitioners who apply intelligent construction technology also need to master the relevant knowledge of intelligent construction technology to apply it well, and realize the value of intelligent construction technology application to a greater extent through system integration.
   As a new thing in the construction industry, intelligent construction has been and will continue to lead the information revolution in the construction field through continuous promotion and practice in the past decade. With the gradual deepening of intelligent construction technology, the traditional architecture of construction industry will be broken, and a new architecture dominated by information technology will be replaced. The application of intelligent construction technology has completely broken through the technical category, and will become a powerful driving force for the transformation of the leading construction industry. This is both an opportunity and a challenge for the whole construction industry.
   At present, China is carrying out the largest engineering construction in the world. With the research and application of BIM, Internet of things, mobile Internet, cloud computing, big data and other information technologies, intelligent construction has= become the consensus of the majority of scholars. At present, there are still some problems to be solved in the key technology, evaluation system and industrial model of intelligent construction.

前 言

从近年来智慧建造技术的应用实践来看，其应用并不单纯是新软件的应用。智慧建造要取得成功，需要有一整套的体系、计划、方法，并且要有执行团队与之匹配:应用智慧建造技术的建筑业从业人员也需要掌握智慧建造技术的相关知识才能将其应用得比较好，并且通过系统集成更大限度实现智慧建造技术应用的价值。
       智慧建造作为建筑业的一个新生事物，在近十年中，通过不断地推广与实践，人们已取得了一个共识：智慧建造已经并将继续引领建设领域的信息革命。随着智慧建造技术的逐步深入，建筑业的传统架构将被打破，一种以信息技术为主导的新架构将取而代之。智慧建造技术的应用完全突破了技术范畴，将成为主导建筑业进行变革的强大动力。这对于整个建筑业而言，是机遇，更是挑战。
      目前，我国正在进行着世界上最大规模的工程建设，随着 BIM、物联网、移动互联网、云计算、大数据等信息技术的研究与应用，智慧建造已经成为广大学者的共识。就现阶段而言，智慧建造在关键技术、评价体系以及产业模式等方面仍存在着一些需要解决的问题。

Geotechnical engineering is a new technical system established by European and American countries in 1960s on the basis of previous civil engineering practice. It is mainly a discipline to study rock mass and soil engineering problems.
   In recent years, China’s highway, railway, urban rail transit and other infrastructure, as well as the construction of urban buildings have entered a stage of rapid development. These infrastructure and buildings are built on the surface of the ground or a certain depth below the surface of the rock and soil. Before the design and construction, we must investigate the engineering geological conditions of the construction area or construction site, predict and evaluate the possible engineering geological problems and their impact on the buildings or geological environment, and put forward prevention and control measures to ensure the normal progress of the project construction.

Geotechnical engineering survey technology is an important means of construction engineering investigation, which directly serves the foundation and foundation engineering design. It is the key to ensure the safety and stability of construction projects and the rationality of technology and economy to adopt reasonable survey technical means.
   Based on the principle of paying equal attention to practical technology and theoretical basis, this book coordinates the relationship between basic theory and modern science and technology, absorbs advanced production equipment and production technology, and arranges the contents of each chapter as a whole, so as to make the contents of the book closer to production practice.

前 言

岩土工程直译为“地质技术工程”，是欧美国家于 20 世纪 60 年代在前人土木工程实践的基础上建立起来的一个新的技术体系，它主要是研究岩体和土体工程问题的一门学科。
       近年来，我国公路、铁路、城市轨道交通等基础设施以及城市建筑的建设进入高速发展阶段。这些基础设施和建筑都修建在地表或地表以下一定深度范围的岩土体中，在设计和施工之前，必须考察建设地区或建筑场地的工程地质条件，预测和评价可能发生的工程地质问题及其对建筑物或地质环境的影响，并提出防治措施，以保证工程建设的正常进行。
       岩土工程勘察技术是建设工程勘察的重要手段，直接服务于地基和基础工程设计。采用合理的勘察技术手段是确保建设工程安全稳定、技术经济合理的关键。
       本书以实用技术及理论基础并重为原则， 协调好基础理论与现代科技间的关系，吸收先进的生产设备和生产工艺，统筹安排各章内容，使书中内容更能贴近生产实践。

The production process of chemical products is a process in which raw and auxiliary materials are transformed into products that meet people’s needs through a series of physical and chemical changes. In addition to the non production factors such as market, management and sales, the economic benefits of chemical products production largely depend on whether the production methods and processes adopted are advanced, reasonable and optimized, which are embodied in the design of production equipment and technology. Therefore, the design of production process of chemical products is the basis for the production of chemical products and obtaining good economic benefits. Production process design is the core of chemical product production process design, and it is also the first design content. It can not only outline the whole design and determine the direction of the whole design, but also play a leading role in organizing and coordinating the cooperation of various non technological specialties. When the process design principle is determined, the principles of civil engineering, equipment, instrument and public works are determined with the process. Therefore, the design of production process has an important impact on the level and quality of the whole design, as well as whether the project can be put into operation successfully and achieve good economic benefits. Reasonable and optimized production process is the basis and guarantee to produce qualified chemical products and obtain good economic benefits. Therefore, in the design of chemical project, we must first pay attention to the design of production process.

   In view of the importance of the production process design in the whole chemical project design, this book attempts to make a more comprehensive and systematic introduction to the problems involved in the production process design, pays attention to the systematicness and integrity of the content description, and strengthens the scientificity, integrity, seriousness and standardization of the process design. This book gives readers a complete and clear understanding of the process and method of chemical product production process design, which is conducive to cultivating readers’ overall concept of engineering design, process optimization concept, production practice concept and technical and economic concept.

前 言

化工产品的生产过程就是原辅材料经过一系列的物理的、化学的变化转变成满足人们需要的产品的过程。化工产品生产的经济效益除与市场、管理和销售等非生产因素有关外，在很大程度上取决于所采用的生产方法和工艺是否先进、合理和优化,具体体现在设计的生.产装置和工艺上， 因此， 化工产品生产工艺的设计是化工产品的生产及其取得良好经济效益的基础。生产工艺流程设计是化工产品生产工艺设计的核心，也是需要最先进行的一项设计内容。它不但能勾画出整个设计的概貌，决定整个设计的方向， 而且还起着组织与协调各个非工艺专业互相配合的主导作用。当工艺设计原则确定后，土建、设备、仪表及公用工程等各项原则均随着工艺的确定而确定下来。因此，生产工艺流程设计对整个设计的水平和质量.以及项目投产能否取得成功并取得良好经济效益具有重要影响，在整个化工设计中居于核心和支配地位。合理、优化的生产工艺流程是生产合格化工产品并取得良好经济效益的基础和保证，因此,进行化工项目的设计，必须首先重视生产工艺流程的设计。
      鉴于生产工艺流程设计在整个化工项目设计中的重要性,本书尝试对生产工艺流程设计所涉及的问题做较全面系统地介绍,注重内容阐述的系统性和完整性， 强化了工艺流程设计的科学性、完整性、严肃性和规范性,给读者对化工产品生产工艺流程设计的过程与方法以完整、 清晰的认识和了解,利于培养读者从事工程设计的全局观念、过程优化观念、生产实际观念和技术经济观念。