With the development of economy, the transportation industry has gradually entered the period of comprehensive transportation system. As a branch of economics, transportation economics has been valued by economists since the first industrial revolution, and has developed rapidly. So far, it has formed a relatively perfect research theory and system of transportation economics. Transportation economics is a science which studies and discusses the law of transportation economy, which is mainly based on the application of economic principles and methods in the field of transportation. It can enable students to establish economic views and economic awareness, and thus have the ability to carry out economic argumentation, pre-test, analysis and evaluation and decision-making on the transportation problems. On the basis of collecting the advantages of many experts, according to their own research for many years, combined with the characteristics of transportation industry, using the basic principles and methods of microeconomics, macroeconomics and network economics, the editor supplements and summarizes the latest research results of transportation economics. This book covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects, with comprehensive content and strong practicability. It provides the basis for transportation planning and management, logistics management, transportation engineering, industrial economy (transportation economy) and other professional transportation economics and transportation economic theories.
       In order to get out of the predicament of transportation economics, we must change the old framework of department economics, which takes the centralized planning system as the main structure, takes a certain mode of transportation as the research object, and takes specific business knowledge as the basic content, and is rigidly bound to expound the economic laws revealed by political economy. At the same time, we should avoid the simple overlapping with transportation planning, transportation organization, transportation engineering and other disciplines. This book tries to promote the gradual shift of transportation economics from the teaching of empirical knowledge to the systematic theoretical analysis, from the description of specific work to the advanced research of transportation policy, from the discussion of problems in parts to the formation of a complete thought and logic system of transportation economy.

前 言

随着经济的发展，交通运输业已经逐步进入了综合交通运输体系的时期。交通运输经济学作为经济学的一个分支， 自第一次工业革命后开始受到经济学家的重视，并且得到迅速发展，至今已形成了较为完善的运输经济学研究理论和体系。交通运输经济学是以经济学原理和方法在交通运输领域的应用为主要内容，研究和探讨运输经济规律的科学，能使学生树立经济观点、建立经济意识，从而具备对交通运输问题进行经济论证、预测、分析评价和决策的能力。编者在集众家之所长的基础上，根据自己多年的研究，结合交通运输业的特点，运用微观经济学、宏观经济学和网络经济学等的基本原理和方法，对交通运榆经济学领城的最新的研究成果进行了补充和总结。本书涵盖了定性和定量两个方面，内容全面，实用性强，是为交通运输规划与管理、物流管理、 交通工程、产业经济(运输经济)等专业运输经济学和运输经济理论提供依据。
         为了使运输经济学走出困境，必须改变以集中计划体制为主体结构、以某种运输方式为研究对象、以具体业务知识为基本内容的拘泥于阐述政治经济学所揭示的经济规律的部门经济学的旧框架。同时要避免与交通规划学、运输组织学运输工程学等学科的简单重叠。本书力图推动运输经济学逐渐从以经验知识的传授为主转向以系统化的理论分析为主，从对具体工作的描述转向超前的运输政策研究，从只对问题进行分割或片断的讨论转向形成完整的运输经济思想和逻辑体系。

In order to expand the space for students to learn Chinese and improve the teaching effectiveness of each Chinese class, we need to highlight the “comprehensive” and “practical” characteristics of the subject, and actively practice the “double combination” teaching method of reading and writing, which combines teaching reading (intensive reading) with self reading (extensive reading) and reading practice with pragmatic practice; we should guide students to learn self-education, self growth and self- development, so as to promote every student's all-round development and high-quality development; it is necessary to establish the awareness of the whole book reading course, take the whole book reading based on extensive reading as an extremely important teaching content into the Chinese curriculum plan, and include it in the curriculum schedule, so as to form a new teaching material system and reading teaching normality of “text selection” and “whole book”.
        In order to fundamentally improve students’ Chinese practical ability, cooperative inquiry ability, and innovative ability to solve practical problems, and cultivate students’ comprehensive quality, we need to pay attention to the basic Chinese course and the whole book reading course, at the same time, fully carry out the practice activities of Chinese subject, and the comprehensive practice activities of pragmatics and multi-disciplinary radiation; we should creatively shoulder the core mission of Chinese education, such as language understanding and application, thinking development and promotion, aesthetic appreciation and creation, cultural understanding and inheritance, so that students can not only have golden and vigorous time, but also have brilliant life; from the beginning of the third period of primary school, it is a very important way to guide students to develop the habit of writing and make it a part of composition teaching and even Chinese curriculum.

前 言

语文教育要拓展学生学习语文的空间，最大幅度地提升每堂语文课的教学实效，就需要突出学科的“综合性”与“实践性”特点，积极践行教读（精读）与自读（泛读）结合、阅读实践与语用实践结合的“读写‘双结合’教学”方式；要在培育学生语文核心素养的同时，指引学生学会自我教育、自我成长、自我发展，促进每一名学生全面发展和优质发展，就需确立整本书阅读课程意识，把建立于广泛阅读基础上的整本书阅读，作为一项极其重要的教学内容纳入语文课程计划，并列入课表，形成“选文”与“整本书”并行的新的教材体系与阅读教学常态。
         语文教育要从根本上提高学生的语文实践能力、合作探究能力，以及解决实际问题的创新能力，培育学生的综合素养，就需要在关注语文基础课程、整本书阅读课程的同时，全力开展好语文学科实践活动，及其以语用为主、辐射多学科的综合实践活动；要创造性地担负起语言理解与运用、思维发展与提升、审美鉴赏与创造、文化理解与传承等语文教育的核心使命，让学生不仅有金色的蓬蓬勃勃的韶光，而且有辉煌的风风光光的人生，从小学第三学段初始，就引领学生养成写作的习惯，并使它成为习作教学乃至语文课程的组成部分，便是一条极具重要意义的途径。

Mechanical manufacturing process refers to the method and process of using various mechanisms and appropriate production tools to process or process raw materials and semi-finished products, and finally convert them into mechanical products. There are more than 100 industries related to mechanical manufacturing technology, such as general machinery, machine tools and tools, mining, engineering machinery, metallurgy, rolling machinery, power generation equipment, petroleum, natural gas and chemical machinery, automobile and transportation machinery, etc. The development of mechanical manufacturing technology not only depends on the development of production, but also carries out experimental research. Through scientific methods, the process problems are analyzed, studied and solved, so that the level of technology can be improved. The development of mechanical manufacturing technology also promotes the innovation and development of equipment and process equipment such as knives, clamps, auxiliary tools and measuring tools. With the development of production and science and technology, many industrial sectors, especially national defense, aerospace, electronics and other industries, require products to develop in the direction of high precision, high speed, high power, high temperature resistance, high pressure resistance and miniaturization. The materials used in product parts are more and more difficult to process, the shape and structure are more and more complex, the required accuracy is higher and higher, and the surface roughness is smaller and smaller. The traditional machining methods can not meet the needs, so there are some precision machining and non-traditional machining methods. On the basis of expounding the common processes of mechanical manufacturing, this book studies the precision and non-traditional machining technology, and analyzes in detail the precision cutting of disk substrate, precision cutting of ceramic materials, laser processing, ultrasonic processing, electron beam processing, ion beam processing, etc.
      With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the diversity and variability of social needs, mechanical manufacturing must break through the original production organization mode, so that the product manufacturing can adapt to the changing market demand and fierce market competition. The combination of computer technology, numerical control technology, control theory, system engineering and manufacturing technology has produced modern manufacturing technology and formed modern mechanical manufacturing system. The automation of mechanical manufacturing system brings a series of benefits to modern mechanical manufacturing. This book focuses on the mechanical manufacturing system automation and computer-aided manufacturing technology are studied, in which the FMS automatic processing system is described in detail.

前 言

机械制造工艺是指采用各种机制、使用合适的生产器具加工或处理原材料、半成品，最终使之转换为机械产品的方法和过程。与机械制造工艺学有联系的行业有百多种，如通用机械，机床与工具，矿山、工程机械，冶金、轧制机械，发电设备，石油、天然气与化工机械，汽车与交通运输机械等等。机械制造工艺的发展不仅要依赖生产的发展，还要实施试验研究。通过科学的方法对工艺问题进行分析、研究与解决，使工艺水平得以提升。机械制造工艺的发展也促使了设备和刀、夹、辅和量具等工艺设备的革新与发展。随着生产和科学技术的发展，许多工业部门，尤其是国防、航天、电子等工业，要求产品向高精度、高速度、大功率、耐高温、耐高压、小型化等方向发展。产品零件所使用的材料越来越难加工，形状和结构越来越复杂，要求的精度越来越高，表面粗糙度越来越小。常用的传统加工方法已不能满足需要，于是，便创造和发展了一些精密加工和特种加工方法。本书在对机械制造常见工艺进行阐述的基础上，对精密与特种加工技术进行了研究，详细地分析了磁盘基片的精密切削、陶瓷材料的精密切削以及激光加工、超声波加工、电子束加工、离子束加工等。
         现代科学技术的飞速发展，社会需求的多样性和变化性，要求机械制造必须突破原有的生产组织模式， 使产品的制造适应日益变化的市场需求和激烈的市场竞争。计算机技术、数控技术、控制论及系统工程与制造技术的结合，产生了现代制造技术，形成了现代机械制造系统。而机械制造系统的自动化给现代机械制造带来了一系列的好处。本书重点对机械制造系统的自动化与计算机辅助制造技术进行了研究，其中对 FMS 自动加工系统进行了详细的阐述。

Special equipment refers to life-threatening and dangerous facilities and equipment, mainly including pressure pipes, lifting machinery, boilers, large amusement facilities, etc. In order to protect people’s safety and maintain social harmony, special equipment safety detection technology plays an important role. The development of safety detection technology can contribute to the elimination of potential accidents.
        As an indispensable production facility of modern enterprises, special equipment safety problems should be seriously dealt with, and the problems should be prevented from being found. Special equipment not only improves people’s life interest, improves the efficiency of enterprise production and operation, but also plays a great role in the value-added of national economy. The purpose of safety monitoring is to eliminate potential safety hazards and provide effective guarantee for people’s safety.
        From the early stage of socialist economic construction to now, the research and development of special equipment has never stopped. For the rapid development of special equipment system, the progress of safety detection technology can not be ignored. At the same time, in order to protect people's safety and maintain social harmony and stability, the safety detection technology of special equipment can not be ignored. In order to avoid accidents, the standardization and progress of safety detection technology can make us take precautions.

前 言

特种设备是指危及生命安全，危险程度大的设施设备，主要有压力管道、起重机械、锅炉、大型游乐设施等。为保障人民的安全，维护社会的和谐，特种设备安全检测技术起着重要的作用。安全检测技术的发展，最大力度上为消除事故隐患作出贡献。
        特种设备作为现代企业不可缺少的生产设施，其安全问题应严肃处理，防患于未然。特种设备是在人们日常生活中、国家建设、社会运作中的重要应用设施，主要有压力管道、起重机械、锅炉、大型游乐设施等。特种设备不仅提升了人民的生活情趣，提高了企业生产运作的效率，更重要的是其为国民经济的增值发挥了巨大的作用。安全监测的目的在于排除安全隐患，为人民的安全提供有效的保障。
       我国从社会主义经济建设初期到现在，特种设备的研发与进步就没有停止过。针对日新月异的特种设备系统，安全检测技术的进展同样是不可忽视的。在特种设备为社会做出贡献的同时，为保障人民的安全，维护社会的和谐稳定，特种设备安全检测技术是不容忽视的。 在避免事故发生上， 安全检测技术的规范统一及其进步，让我们做到防患于未然。

With the change of life style and life concept, the significance of ecological water conservancy project is increasingly prominent. China’s ecological water conservancy project construction has made some achievements, but the overall effect is not ideal, there are still problems to be solved. Under the concept of ecological environmental protection, environmental factors should be considered in the planning and design of ecological water conservancy project construction, which should be taken as an important indicator to optimize the planning and design methods of ecological water conservancy project and improve the comprehensive efficiency of the whole water conservancy project system.
        For the construction of water conservancy projects, “environmental protection” has become the main development goal and direction. With the development of society, ecological water conservancy project has come into people’s vision and become a new type of water conservancy project which is full of people’s production and life. The main factors affecting the construction of ecological water conservancy projects are planning and design. The design of ecological water conservancy projects should follow certain principles and methods. In addition, the construction of ecological water conservancy project is not only related to the development of national economy, but also related to the progress of society and the protection of ecological environment. It is an important construction project beneficial to the country and the people. In the planning and design, it is necessary to realize the combination of theory and practice, determine the characteristics of the project according to the actual situation, design reasonable and feasible construction scheme according to different site conditions, and protect the natural environment with high-quality ecological water conservancy project planning and design.

前 言

随着生活方式与生活观念的改变，生态水利工程的意义日益凸显。我国的生态水利工程建设已取得一定成绩， 但是整体效果还不够理想， 仍存在亟待解决的问题。在生态环保理念下，生态水利工程建设的规划设计要考虑环境因素，将其作为重要的衡量指标，优化生态水利工程的规划与设计方法，提高整个水利工程系统的综合效能。
           对于水利工程建设而言，“环保”成为了主要发展目标和发展方向。随着社会的发展， 生态水利工程走进人们的视野， 成为满足人们生产生活需要的新型水利工程。 影响生态水利工程建设的主要因素是规划与设计，生态水利工程设计要遵循一定的原则，更要按照一定的方法进行。此外，生态水利工程建设关系国民经济的发展， 更关系社会的进步与生态环境的保护， 是利国利民的重要建设工程。 在规划设计中， 要实现理论与实际的结合，根据实际情况，确定项目特点，根据不同的现场条件，设计具有合理性与可行性的建设方案，用高质量的生态水利工程规划与设计切实保护自然环境。