Since the reform and opening up, our country has established a basic national policy centered on economic construction and increased the scale of capital construction investment. In this context, highway construction, especially the construction of high-grade highways and bridges, has developed rapidly. In addition, with the increasing progress of urbanization, municipal roads and subway projects have also developed vigorously. The rapid development of the transportation industry means that the demand for road and bridge professional and technical personnel has increased. Therefore, the improvement of our country’s road and bridge construction technology has become an inevitable trend of development.
        The construction of urban facilities is the basis of forming and improving urban functions and playing the role of city center. It is the basic condition for revitalizing the local economy, improving the living environment in cities, and improving the quality of the city. The characteristics of municipal facilities engineering determine that the construction funds mainly come from the national investment and local financing. However, compared with the huge capital demand of urban construction, the investment of these funds is limited. Therefore, the municipal builders must strive to pursue the following points: to determine the cost of municipal engineering economically and reasonably, to improve the use efficiency of funds, to calculate the project quantity relatively accurately, to improve the level of cost preparation, to scientifically reflect the actual cost expenditure of the project.
        At present, with the development of economy, our country’s road and bridge tunnel engineering has entered a new stage of development. The number of kilometers of tunnel construction is becoming longer and the landform features are more special, which puts forward new requirements for the construction of road and bridge tunnels. The construction technology requirements of the construction personnel are more stringent, so this book gives an overview of the technology used in the construction of bridges and tunnels, hoping to be helpful in the construction of roads, bridges and tunnels.
      All in all, highway bridge tunnel engineering needs to go through tedious and complicated work links. Therefore, the process of construction design preparation, the technical management process of the construction, and the quality of work during construction must be guaranteed. We must treat the construction of the project rigorously, and constantly discover problems and make timely improvements during the construction process. This is the most important factor to ensure the efficient and high-quality construction of highway bridges and tunnels. Only in this way, can the construction period be shortened, costs be reduced, and the efficiency of the entire project be improved.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国确立了以经济建设为中心的基本国策，加大了基本建设投资规模。在此背景下，公路建设事业，尤其是高等级公路和桥梁建设得到快速发展。此外，随着城镇化进程的日益推进，市政道路与地铁工程也得到了蓬勃发展。运输行业的高速发展决定了大量路桥专业技术人才的需求缺口，提高我国路桥的施工技术成为发展的必然趋势。
         城市设施建设是形成和完善城市功能、发挥城市中心作用的基础，它是搞活本地区经济，改善城市居住生活环境，提高城市品位的基本条件。市政设施工程的本身特点决定了其建设资金主要来自国家的投入和地方的资金筹措，而这些资金的投入与城市建设庞大的资金需求相比是有限的， 因此， 经济合理地确定市政工程造价、提高资金的使用效益、相对准确地计算工程量、不断提高造价编制水平，科学地反映工程的实际费用支出，是市政建设者必须努力和追求的方向。
         目前，我国的道路桥梁隧道工程随着经济的发展已经进入了一个新的发展阶段，隧道施工的公里数日趋变长，地貌特征也更加特别，这就对道路桥梁隧道施工提出了新的要求，对施工人员的施工技术也更加严苛，因此对于桥梁与隧道施工种所运用的技术进行概述，希望能在道路桥梁以及隧道施工工程中尽到绵薄之力。
         总而言之，公路桥梁隧道工程需要经过烦琐而复杂的工作环节，所以，不管是在对施工进行设计准备时，还是在施工的过程中对其进行技术管理或是施工进行时的作业质量都要有所保证，要严谨的对待在施工的过程中不断地发现问题并及时改进，这是确保公路桥梁隧道施工高效高质量进行的最主要的因素，缩短工期、降低成本，提高整个工程的效益。

Forestry engineering project is a decision-making and implementation activity combining forestry investment behavior with forestry construction behavior, which is affected by human, financial, material, time, technology, information and other resources. The project is complex in management and needs to be completed by several units. In order to learn from foreign advanced technology and management experience, Chinese governments at all levels have started a number of forestry construction projects with world bank loans since 1980s. The implementation of these forestry projects with loans from international financial organizations has effectively made up for the lack of investment in forestry and accelerated the cultivation of forest resources in China. More importantly, in the process of using loans from international financial organizations to implement forestry projects, advanced technology and management concepts have been gradually introduced, especially the concept of environmental protection and management has been continuously strengthened. Now the environmental protection work of forestry projects has been improved, and the impact on biodiversity, soil erosion and water and soil pollution has been minimized, gradually achieved the goal of ecological and green, and provided more high-quality ecological products to the society. The implementation of environmental protection measures is very important for the implementation of the concepts of “harmonious coexistence between man and nature”, “respect for nature, conform to nature, protect nature”, and so on. It is the key for forestry construction to step into the road of production development, good ecology, and healthy environment.
        This book mainly introduces the related contents of ecological environment construction system from the perspective of forest resources development and protection. Environmental ecological engineering is a science that studies how to build, restore and repair the ecosystem, and how to manage and strengthen the self purification function of the ecosystem, so as to protect the natural environment and solve the problem of environmental pollution. Environmental ecological engineering is a technical subject to promote the harmonious coexistence of human and nature. Different from environmental engineering, the implementation object of environmental ecological engineering is ecosystem, which uses the basic principles of ecology, the implementation method is the design, management and auxiliary engineering measures of ecosystem, and plays the environmental purification function of ecosystem itself. Therefore, although the reaction rate and pollution control efficiency of environmental ecological engineering are generally low, it can save cost and energy consumption, and has simple management, so it is especially suitable for non-point source pollution control, which is complementary to the environmental engineering technology of point source pollution control.

前 言

林业工程项目是一种林业投资行为和林业建设行为相结合的决策与实施活动，受人力、财力、物力、时间、技术、信息等多种资源的影响；项目在管理上具有复杂性，需要由若干单位共同协作完成。为借鉴国外先进的技术和管理经验，中国各级政府从 20 世纪 80 年代开始，利用世界银行贷款相继启动实施了一批林业工程建设项目，这些国际金融组织贷款林业项目的实施，有效弥补了林业资金投入不足的问题，加快了我国森林资源培育。更重要的是，在利用国际金融组织贷款实施林业项目的过程中，先进的技术与管理理念逐渐被引入，特别是环境保护与管理的理念得到不断强化，现在实施的林业项目的环境保护工作得到了提高，最大限度地降低了对生物多样性、水土流失、水土资源污染的影响，逐步实现了生态、绿色的目标，给社会提供了更多的优质生态产品。环保措施的落实对贯彻实施“人与自然和谐共生”“尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然”等理念至关重要，是林业建设步入生产发展、生态良好、环境健康之途的关键所在。
         本文主要从森林资源开发与保护的角度介绍了生态环境建设体系的相关内容。环境生态工程是研究如何新建、恢复、修复生态系统，以及如何管理、强化生态系统的自净功能，从而保护自然环境和解决环境污染问题的一门学问。环境生态工程是促进人类与自然的和谐共存的一门技术学科。与环境工程不同，环境生态工程的实施对象为生态系统，运用的是生态学的基本原理，实施方法为生态系统的设计、管理以及辅助性的工程学措施， 发挥的是生态系统本身具有的环境净化功能。 因此，环境生态工程尽管反应速率和治污效率一般较低，但节省成本和能量消耗，管理简单，特别适合于面源污染治理，从而与治理点源污染的环境工程技术形成互补。

The common diseases of crops in China include rice planthopper, powdery mildew, wheat rust, rice sheath blight and rice blast. The common pests include cotton bollworm, cotton aphid, wheat aphid and locust, which have seriously affected the agricultural production in China. In order to reduce the damage of diseases and pests to crops, it is necessary to implement comprehensive control. Integrated control is to use natural control, coordinate the use of all appropriate technologies, control and maintain the pest population below the allowable level of economic damage. Only when the pest density exceeds the limit of allowable level, can we seek the chemical control measures.
          In the application of chemical pesticides to control diseases and insect pests, we should not only consider the selection of effective, safe, economic and convenient varieties, strive to improve the control effect, but also avoid the occurrence of drug pests. We should not only carry out pollution-free production, but also take into account the protection of the soil environment and prevent the destruction of natural resources. At present, there are still many problems in pest control, such as untimely timing, unscientific methods, improper selection of pesticides, inaccurate dosage, untimely medication, incorrect medication methods, and medication at the sight of diseases and insects, which result in labor-consuming, drug-consuming, heavy pollution, rapid increase of pest resistance, and serious harm to crops. In order to publicize and popularize pesticide knowledge and scientific prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, promote agricultural science and technology workers and farmers to understand scientific prevention and control technology of crop diseases and insect pests in time, and better serve modern agricultural production, we organized the compilation of the book. The purpose is to give full play to the positive role of pesticides in modern agricultural production, effectively do a good job in the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, and make a modest contribution to the virtuous cycle and sustainable development of agriculture.

前 言

我国农作物常见的病害包括稻飞虱、白粉病、小麦锈病、稻纹枯病、稻瘟病，常见的虫害包括棉铃虫、棉蚜、麦蚜、蝗虫等，它们已经严重影响了我国农业生产。为了减少病虫害对农作物的侵害，就要对其实施综合防治。综合防治就是利用自然控制，协调运用一切适当的技术，把有害生物的种群数量控制和维持在经济受害允许水平以下，只有当有害生物密度超过规定的受害允许水平界限时，才谋求化学药剂的防治措施。
       在应用化学农药防治病虫害时，既要考虑选择有效、安全、经济、方便的品种，力求提高防治效果，也要避免产生药害，进行无公害生产，还要兼顾对土壤环境的保护，防止对自然资源破坏。当前各地在病虫害防治中，还存在着防病治虫时机不及时、方法不科学、药剂选择不当、用药剂量不准、用药不适时、用药方法不正确、见病见虫就用药等许多问题，造成了费工、费药、污染重、有害生物抗药性迅速增强、对作物危害严重的后果。为了宣传普及农药知识和科学防治农作物病虫害，促使农业科技工作者与广大农民朋友及时了解农作物病虫害科学防治技术，更好地为现代农业生产服务，我们组织编写了该书。目的在于发挥好农药在现代农业生产中的积极作用，切实搞好农作物病虫害防治工作，为农业良性循环和可持续发展尽些微薄之力。

In recent years, with the decline of TV power on rate and audience rating, the TV advertising market has entered a bottleneck period, especially when the advertising revenue of terrestrial TV channels has plunged into a precipice. The development of traditional radio and television industry is becoming more and more difficult step by step. The influence of public opinion of new media based on the Internet is increasing day by day. The growth rate of advertising is far more than that of traditional media. Its economic strength and expansion force surpass the faltering traditional media with great advantages. All of these bring great challenges to radio and television media. Of course, the rapid development of all kinds of new media brings challenges and impacts to the traditional radio and television, but also gives the traditional radio and television the enlightenment of transformation. The transformation of traditional radio and television media and the rise of new media have spawned and promoted media convergence. Traditional radio and television media are making "genetically modified" changes with the help of the Internet, and the development of the integration of traditional radio and television and new media is also advancing with unprecedented strength. With the rapid development of media technology and the emergence of all kinds of new media, human beings have entered the Internet era, and the integration of all kinds of media is gradually deepening. Where is the radio and television media as a traditional media? How can radio and television media build their own core competitiveness in the trend of media convergence? What is the future of radio and television media? These problems have become a hot topic in the radio and television industry and theoretical circles.
          Based on the analysis of a large number of literature on “media convergence” since the new century, and combined with the actual development of China’s radio and television media, this book discusses the reform and development of China’s Radio and television media under the environment of media convergence. This book is roughly divided into the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television content production, the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television channel positioning and arrangement, media convergence and radio and television copyright management and operation, the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television industry, the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television production and broadcasting process and internal management, the research on talent training and corporate culture construction of radio and television media under the background of media convergence, etc.

前 言

近年来，电视开机率下降、收视率下滑，电视广告市场进入瓶颈期，特别是地面电视频道大面积出现广告收入断崖式跳水，传统广电行业的发展一步步趋向困难。而以互联网为基础的新媒体舆论影响力日渐增强， 广告增幅远远超过传统媒体，其经济实力和扩张力以很大的优势超越着步履蹒跚的传统媒体。 这些都给广电传媒带来很大的挑战。当然，各类新媒体迅猛发展给传统广电带来挑战和冲击的同时，也给传统广电以转型的启示。传统广电媒体的转型和新媒体的兴起，催生并促进了媒介融合，传统广电媒体借力互联网正做出“转基因”式的变革，传统广电与新媒体的融合发展也以前所未有的力度在推进。随着传媒技术的迅猛发展和各类新媒体的层出不穷，人类进入互联网时代，各类媒介之间的融合逐渐深入，作为传统媒体存在的广电传媒何去何从？广电传媒如何在媒介融合的大势中打造自身的核心竞争力？广电传媒将拥有怎样的未来？这些问题成为广电业界和理论界关注的热门话题。
         本书在分析梳理新世纪以来关于“媒介融合”的大量文献资料基础上，结合我国广电传媒发展实际， 对媒介融合环境下我国广电传媒的改革与发展问题展开探讨。本书大致分成媒介融合对广电内容生产的影响及对策、媒介融合对广电频道定位及编排的影响及对策、媒介融合与广电版权管理及运营、媒介融合对广电产业的影响及对策、媒介融合对广电制播流程与内部管理的影响及对策、媒介融合背景下广电传媒人才培养和企业文化建设研究等几个方面来进行。

With the rapid development of today’s society, the progress of urbanization is accelerating. There are more and more vehicles on the road, followed by the increasing number of roads and bridges, which makes people travel more convenient and greatly promotes the economic development and the progress of urbanization. However, the increase in the number of roads and bridges has also brought some problems. Most of the road and bridge projects are subject to strict engineering quality control in the early stage of construction, but to a certain extent, they despise the management and maintenance in the later stage, resulting in a large number of road and bridge projects not reaching the expected goal, and even seriously threatening people’s lives and property safety.
         Roads and bridges are closely related to people’s daily traffic. Only when the quality of roads and bridges is guaranteed can the city’s traffic run smoothly. With the continuous increase of traffic flow, it will not only cause the occurrence of highway bridge disease, but also make its continuous development and deterioration, reaching an uncontrollable level, seriously affecting the service life of the road and bridge, the safety of people’s life and property, the convenience of traffic and the image of the city. In the process of maintenance and management of road and bridge, there are many problems, such as unreasonable preliminary design of road and bridge project, lack of funds, backward technology and incomplete management, which will affect the service life of highway bridge and shorten its service life. Therefore, it is very necessary to take scientific and reasonable measures to improve the maintenance and management of highway bridges.
        The maintenance of roads and bridges plays an important role in promoting urban construction, providing convenience for people to travel and ensuring the safety of people’s lives and property. The road and bridge maintenance project needs to keep up with the development of the times, increase the attention of the masses to the road and bridge maintenance work, introduce new technology, increase supervision, increase capital investment, and ensure the healthy development of China’s road and bridge cause.

前 言

随着当今社会的快速发展，城市化进度不断加快，道路上行驶的车辆也越来越多，随之而来的就是路桥的数量在不断的增加，使人们的出行更加便利，也极大的促进了经济的发展和城市化的进度。但是路桥数量的增加也带来了一些问题，大多的路桥项目在建筑的前期受到严格的工程质量把关，却在一定程度上轻视了后期的管理和养护，导致大量的路桥工程达不到预期目标，甚至严重的威胁到了人们的生命以及财产安全。
       道路桥梁与人们日常的通行息息相关，道路桥梁的质量得到保障才能使城市的交通有不紊的运行。随着交通流量的不断增加，不仅会引起公路桥梁病害问题的发生，还会使其不断的发展恶化，达到不可控制的地步，严重影响路桥的使用寿命、人们的生命财产安全、交通的便利以及城市的形象。在路桥的养护管理过程中，存在很多的问题，如路桥项目的前期设计不合理、资金的缺乏、技术的落后、管理工作的不完备，都会使公路桥梁的使用年限受到影响，寿命极度缩短。所以，采取科学合理的措施，完善对公路桥梁的养护管理是十分必要的。
       路桥的养护工作对推动城市建设，提供人们便利出行以及保障人们的生命财产安全都起到很重要的作用。路桥养护工程需要紧跟时代发展，加大群众对路桥养护工作的重视程度，引进新型技术，加大监管力度，加大资金投入，保障我国路桥事业的健康发展。