Since the reform and opening up, China’s construction industry has developed rapidly, and the scale of urban construction is expanding day by day. The development speed of cities and towns has become the standard to measure the modern civilization of a country and a region. After more than 30 years of hard work and practice, China’s modern architecture is developing towards high technology, high speed and high quality. China has made many major breakthroughs and new achievements in the field of construction technology. Some technologies have reached the world’s advanced level and become a big construction country in the world.

Engineering construction technology is the main element of construction engineering, and the level of engineering construction technology is directly related to the safety of the whole building. Due to the complex geological conditions, various foundation forms, different construction and management levels, and high concealment of foundation and foundation engineering, the construction of foundation and foundation engineering is more complex than that of superstructure, and it is easier to have quality hidden danger. A large number of facts have proved that the quality problems of construction engineering are mostly related to the quality of foundation and foundation engineering, so improving the level of construction technology is the most critical method to ensure the construction quality.
   Cost management serves the goal of project management. Project cost management is the basic work to manage the construction market by economic means. China’s project cost management is related to the reform and development of capital construction investment, construction industry and construction market, and is deeply affected by the system and policy. It can be seen that the project cost management has a very important position in the project construction.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国建筑业发展很快，城镇建设规模日益扩大，城镇的发展速度已成为衡量一个国家和地区现代文明的标准。 经过最近 30 多年的努力实践， 我国的现代化建筑正朝着高技术、快速度、高质量方向发展，我国在建筑工程施工技术领域取得了许多重大突破和新的成果，有的技术已经达到世界先进水平，成为世界建筑大国。
       工程施工技术是建筑工程的主要要素，工程施工技术的水平直接关系到整个建筑物的安全。由于我国地质条件复杂，基础形式多样，施工及管理水平存在差异，同时地基与基础工程具有高度隐蔽性，从而使得地基与基础工程的施工比上部结构更为复杂，更容易存在质量隐患。大量事实证明，建筑工程质量问题多与地基与基础工程质量有关，因此提高施工技术水平是保证施工质量最为关键的方法。
       造价管理是为工程建设项目管理的目标服务的。工程造价管理是用经济手段管理建筑市场的基础工作。我国工程造价的管理是与基本建设投资、建筑业、建筑市场的改革与发展关联的，深受体制与政策影响。由此可以看出，工程造价管理在工程建设中具有极为重要的地位。

Highway is an important infrastructure for the development of national economy. It is the most flexible mode of transportation in the whole transportation system. It has the characteristics of direct, rapid, convenient and strong adaptability. With the rapid development of China’s transportation, especially the emergence of a large number of high-grade highways, highway transportation plays an extremely important role in the national political, economic, cultural and military construction.
   Expressway is an engineering structure that provides safe, fast, comfortable and economic services for vehicles and other means of transportation. After it is completed and put into use, it will suffer the repeated wear and impact of wheels and the erosion of rainstorm, flood, wind sand, ice and snow, sunlight, freeze-thaw and other natural forces, as well as some defects left in the design and construction, which will inevitably lead to the deterioration of road use function and driving service quality, and even the interruption of traffic. In order to extend the service cycle of expressway, ensure smooth flow, minimize and avoid the loss to highway users due to the above reasons, in order to adapt to the new situation of increasing traffic volume and heavy vehicles, we must take appropriate engineering and technical measures, adhere to daily maintenance, and timely repair the damaged parts in accordance with the principle of “prevention first and prevention combined”. We also need to keep the highway in good condition, smooth, clean and beautiful, carry out preventive large and medium-sized maintenance periodically, gradually change the general technical conditions, and improve the use quality and disaster resistance ability of the highway. Therefore, highway maintenance is a regular work to ensure high-speed, safe and comfortable driving. It is of great significance to strengthen highway maintenance, repair and improvement.

前 言

公路是国民经济赖以发展的重要基础设施，是整个交通综合系统中最具机动灵活的运输方式，具有直达、迅速、方便、适应性强的特点。随着我国交通事业的飞速发展，特别是大量高等级公路的出现，使公路交通运输在国家的政治、经济、文化、军事建设中发挥着极其重要的作用。
       高速公路作为为汽车等运输工具提供安全、快速、舒适、经济服务的工程结构物，在建成投人使用后，因反复承受车轮的磨损、冲击，遭受暴雨、洪水、风沙、冰雪、日晒、冻融等自然力的侵蚀以及由于设计、施工中留下的某些缺陷，必然造成公路使用功能和行车服务质量的日趋退化、不适应，甚至中断交通。为延长高速公路的使用周期， 保障畅通， 尽量减少和避免由于上述原因给公路使用者带来损失，为适应交通量增大、重型车增多等新情况，必须本着“预防为主、防治结合”的原则，采取适当的工程技术措施，坚持日常保养，及时修复损坏部分，经常保持公路完好、畅通、整洁、美观，周期性地进行预防性大中修，逐步改普技术状况，提高公路的使用质量和抗灾能力。因此，公路养护是保证汽车高速、安全、舒适行驶不可觖少的经常性工作，加强公路养护、维修和改善具有十分重要意义

With the development of economy and the application of information technology, the mileage of expressway increases rapidly, and the mechanical and electrical equipment on the road section continuously upgrades, which puts forward higher requirements and challenges for the operation and maintenance of mechanical and electrical equipment.
   Traffic engineering facilities are one of the important parts of road engineering. It is of great significance to improve traffic safety, improve road capacity and operation efficiency, ensure continuous operation of vehicles, reduce energy consumption, and improve the comfort and convenience of travel. With the construction of road transportation infrastructure and the vigorous development of road transportation, people pay more and more attention to the design of traffic engineering facilities.

前 言

伴随经济的发展和信息技术的应用，高速公路通行里程数增加迅速，路段上的机电设备不断升级，为机电设备的运行维护提出了更高的要求和挑战。
       交通工程设施是道路工程的重要组成部分之一，对提高行车安全性，提高道路通行能力和运行效率、保证车辆连续运行、降低能耗，提高出行的舒适和方便程度具有重要意义。随着我国道路交通运输基础设施的建设和道路交通运输事业的蓬勃发展，交通工程设施的设计，越来越受到人们的重视。

As an important infrastructure in China, the construction level of port and waterway engineering determines the future development and trade status of ports and channels. In recent years, with the popularization of various automation and information technology, port and waterway construction has gradually developed towards intellectual, but there is still a certain gap compared with developed countries. This paper analyzes the current situation of China’s port and waterway engineering and clarifies the problems existing in the development and construction of port and waterway engineering, and also looks forward to the suggestions for accelerating the construction and development of port and waterway engineering in the future. With the acceleration of the process of global economic integration, as an important node in the global transportation network, port is the distribution center of foreign trade import and export goods, and also an important node of international logistics supply chain as well as the hub of logistics channel. Its function is constantly expanding, and it plays an increasingly important role in promoting the development of regional economy. However, we should also be aware that some outstanding contradictions and problems in the development of the port over the years have yet to be solved, the layout and structure of the port are not reasonable, and the extensive pattern of port construction and operation still needs to be greatly changed. Therefore, it can be said that the task of speeding up the construction and development of modern ports is still very heavy .

前 言

港口与航道工程作为中国重要基础设施，建设水平决定了各处港口、航道未来发展和贸易地位。近年来，随着各类自动化、信息化技术的推广，港口与航道建设已经逐步向着智能化方向发展，但是，相较于发达国家仍然存在一定差距。论文分析了中国港口与航道工程现状，明确港口与航道工程发展建设期间存在的问题，展望了加快港口与航道工程未来建设发展的建议。港口与航道工程作为中国重要基础设施，建设水平决定了各处港口、航道未来发展和贸易地位。近年来，随着各类自动化、信息化技术的推广，港口与航道建设已经逐步向着智能化方向发展，但是，相较于发达国家仍然存在一定差距。本文分析了中国港口与航道工程现状，明确港口与航道工程发展建设期间存在的问题，展望了加快港口与航道工程未来建设发展
的建议。
       随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，港口作为全球运输网络中的一个重要节点，是对外贸易进出口货物的集散中心，也是国际物流供应链的重要节点与物流通道的枢纽，其功能正在不断地拓展，对于区域经济的发展起着越来越重要的促进作用。但是，我们还须清醒地认识到，多年来港口发展中的一些突出矛盾与问题，还有待解决，港口的布局与结构还不尽合理，码头的建设、经营的粗放格局，还需要有大的转变。因而可以说，加快建设与发展现代港口的任务，依然十分繁重。

The purpose of civil engineering is to form a comfortable and beautiful space and passageway for human production or life. It is not only the material needs, but also the symbolic spiritual needs. With the development of society, the engineering structure is becoming more and more large and complex. Super high-rise buildings, super large bridges, giant dams and complex subway systems are emerging to meet people’s living needs and become the symbol of social strength.
    In the current society, environmental problems have become the top priority. The environment for human survival and development is facing severe challenges. The rapid development and effective utilization of resources make it increasingly exhausted. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged, resulting in a variety of pollution accidents occurred frequently. Environmental problems have become one of the global problems that human beings are facing, which has aroused the universal concern of all countries. The essence of environmental problems is the problem of development. In order to realize the coordinated development of human beings and the environment, create a beautiful home and rebuild beautiful mountains and rivers, we must take the road of sustainable development. In recent years, with the increase of national infrastructure construction, mine construction has been rapid development, and the impact on the environment caused by more and more social attention. Infrastructure plays a very important role in social and economic development, but it also has a serious impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the ecological environment, save land, and deal with the relationship with society and economy, so as to realize the sustainable development of traffic environment and build our country into a socialist harmonious society.

前 言

土木工程的目的是形成人类生产或生活所需要的、功能良好且舒适美观的空间和通道。它既是物质方面的需要，也有象征精神方面的需求。随着社会的发展，工程结构越来越大型化、复杂化，超高层建筑、特大型桥梁、巨型大坝、复杂的地铁系统不断涌现，满足人们的生活需求，同时也演变为社会实力的象征。
       当前社会，环境问题已经成为重中之重。人类赖以生存和发展的环境受到严峻挑战，资源的迅猛开发与有效利用，使其在日益枯竭。生态环境遭到了严重破坏，造成各种污染事故频频发生。环境问题已经成为当今人类面临的全球性问题之一，引起了各国的普遍关注。环境问题的实质是发展问题，要实现人类同环境的协调发展，创造美好家园，再造秀美山川，就要走可持续发展的道路。近年来，随着国家对以基础建设力度的加大，矿山建设得到迅猛发展，造成的对环境的影响越来越受到社会的关注。基础建设对社会和经济的发展有着非常重要的劳动作用，但它同时对环境产生严重的影响。因此如何在土木工程建设的同时，保护生态环境，节约土地，并处理好同社会、经济的关系，进而实现交通环境的可持续发展，把我国建设成一个社会主义和谐社会。