In today’s daily life, ceramics has become a common product, with a variety of categories. However, how many ordinary people know whether the materials of these products are ceramic or porcelain, what are the differences and connections between the two, how the ceramics are made, what is the process of its development and evolution, how its skills are inherited, how is the relationship between ceramics and Chinese traditional culture, and how its influence in the world is? It is no doubt that it’s hard to answer.
    In recent years, the improvement of the people’s material living standard has triggered the demand for spiritual culture. The society’s attention to traditional culture and the development of tourism economy have stimulated the economy of antiques and artworks. The collection activities have gradually gone out of the original intellectuals based literati level, and extended to all social strata and groups of different ages. Folk collection organizations have also been established, and a number of private museums have emerged, and folk collection activities have shown unprecedented prosperity. The intangible cultural heritage has rich and unique cultural connotation, which embodies the spirit of the Chinese nation in the transmission. Our first task is to inherit and carry forward the essence of traditional skills handed down from generation to generation. Nowadays, many of the past brilliant “non heritage” skills are on the verge of extinction, so the main purpose of the book is to preserve the essence skills.
    In the compilation and revision of this book, due to the lack of detailed data collection and the limitation of the editor’s level, there are inevitably errors and mistakes in this book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

在当今人们的日常生活中，陶瓷已经成为一种司空见惯的产品，其品类林林总总，形形色色，五花八门。但是，普通民众又有多少人知道，这些产品的材质到底是陶的还是瓷的，两者有什么区别和联系，陶瓷是如何制作出来的，其发展演变的过程如何，其技艺又是如何传承下来的，陶瓷与中国传统文化的关系如何，在世界上的影响力如何等，这些问题对于他们来说，无疑是很难回答出来的。
       近年来，人民群众物质生活水平的提高引发了对精神文化的需求，社会对传统文化的重视以及旅游经济的发展又刺激了古玩艺术品经济升温。收藏活动逐渐走出原来的以知识分子为主的文人雅士的层面，扩展到社会的各个阶层、不同年龄段群体。民间收藏组织也相继成立，并出现了一批私立博物馆，民间收藏活动呈现出前所未有的繁荣景象。非物质文化遗产具有丰富而独特的文化内涵，它在薪火相传中体现了中华民族的精神。我们的首要任务就是传承，将祖祖辈辈流传下来的传统技艺的精华保留下来并发扬光大。如今，很多昔日辉煌的“非遗”技艺濒临失传，故丛书的首要目的就是留存精华技艺。
       本书在编写和修订中由于资料的收集尚欠详尽，加之编者水平所限，难免有错
误和不当之处，敬请读者指正。

China is a country with numerous water conservancy projects, with a history of water control as long as Chinese civilization, and has made a splendid achievement. From the world-famous Dujiangyan Irrigation System to the magnificent Three Gorges Project, and From the “dingjiuzhou” of Dayu’s flood control to the “Three Guarantees” of millions of soldiers and people in the “98 Flood” (to ensure the safety of the Yangtze River main dike, important cities and people’s lives), the Chinese nation has been united and developed in the struggle against water disasters. Special geographical condition determines that eliminating water disasters and promoting water conservancy are very important for national governance. Splendid water conservancy makes stable country, and rich provisionment makes prosperous industries. Individuals who were good at national governance did attach great importance to water control in all previous dynasties. Many water conservancy projects with great technical difficulties such as the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, the Yellow River Dike, the North-South Grand Canal have been built in the past thousands of years. In the struggle against flood, the plugging method combining horizontal plugging with vertical plugging has been created, as well as the construction experience of grass-soil cofferdam has been obtained. These great water conservancy projects and unique construction techniques still play a role and effectively promote the development of water conservancy and hydropower construction in our country. 

  Despite those great achievements, it should be recognized that there is still a big gap between China and those advanced countries in the water conservancy construction. For example, the study, popularization and use of new technology and process are insufficient; the construction machinery is still relatively backward because of a lack of accessories, which leads to a low utilization and level of construction organization and management. The above examples are not compatible with the development of China’s hydropower construction, which requires us to sum up past experiences and lessons, and strive to learn and introduce foreign advanced technology and scientific management methods, to find a new way for the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects which issuitable for the garden situation of our country.

前 言

我国是水利大国，与华夏文明一样，治水的历史源远流长，治水的成就灿烂辉煌。从举世闻名的都江堰，到气势磅礴的三峡工程；从大禹治水的“定九州”，到“98 大洪水”百万军民的“三个确保”（确保长江干堤安全，确保重要城市安全、确保人民生命安全），中华民族在与水的抗争中得到凝聚和发展。特殊的自然地理条件，决定了除水害、兴水利历来是我国治国安邦的大事。水利兴则天下定，仓廪实，百业兴。历代善治国者均以治水为重。几千年来，修建了都江堰工程、黄河大堤、南北大运河以及其他许多施工技术难度大的水利工程。在抗洪斗争中，创造了平堵与立堵相结合的堵口方法，取得了草土围堰等施工经验。这些伟大的水利工程和独特的施工技术，至今仍发挥着作用，有力地促进了我国水利水电建设的发展。
       在取得巨大成就的同时，应认识到我国施工水平与先进国家相比尚有较大差距。如新技术、新工艺的研究、推广、使用不够；施工机械还比较落后，配套不齐，利用率不充分，施工组织管理水平不高。这些和我国水电建设事业的发展是不相适应的，这就要求我们必须认真总结过去的经验和教训，努力学习和引进国外先进的技术和科学的管理方法，走出一条适合我国园情的水利水电工程建设新路。

The construction of water conservancy project is the work of building water conservancy project according to the requirements of engineering structure, quantity, quality, etc. The application, operation, maintenance and protection of water conservancy projects are an important part of water conservancy project management. After the completion of water conservancy projects, effective management must be adopted to achieve the expected effect and verify the correctness of the original planning and design; The basic task of project management is to maintain the integrity and safety of engineering buildings and equipment, and make them in good technical condition; In order to control, regulate, distribute and use water resources, and give full play to the benefits of flood control, irrigation, water supply, drainage, power generation, shipping and environmental protection, we should use the water conservancy engineering equipment correctly.
  In recent years, with the formulation and implementation of a series of water conservancy and hydropower engineering regulations, specifications and rules and regulations, the water conservancy and hydropower infrastructure construction procedures are further standardized, and the quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects and the overall construction level are improved and guaranteed. However, as the front-line staff of water conservancy and hydropower construction, especially the quality inspection and control personnel who control and ensure the project quality, it is difficult to be familiar with and master the new rules and regulations as soon as possible, and use them freely in practical work; At the same time, it is difficult to apply new materials, new technologies, new processes and new methods to improve the scientificity of engineering construction activities. In many years of water conservancy and hydropower project construction practice, the author deeply realizes that the first-line quality inspector urgently needs a reference book to solve the above practical problems systematically, advanced and scientifically

前 言

水利工程施工是按照设计提出的工程结构、数量、质量、等要求修建水利工程的工作。水利工程的运用、操作、维修和保护工作，是水利工程管理的重要组成部分，水利工程建成后，必须通过有效的管理，才能实现预期的效果和验证原来规划、设计的正确性；工程管理的基本任务是保持工程建筑物和设备的完整、安全，使其处于良好的技术状况；正确运用水利工程设备，以控制、调节、分配、使用水资源，充分发挥其防洪、灌溉、供水、排水、发电、航运、环境保护等效益。
       近年来，随着一系列水利水电工程规程、规范和规章制度的制定实施，进一步规范了水利水电基本建设程序，提高和保证了水利水电工程质量，以及整体建设的水平。但是，作为水利水电建设的一线工作人员，尤其是控制和保证工程质量的质量检查和控制人员，很难尽快熟悉掌握新的规程规范，并在实际工作中自如运用；同时难以将新材料、新技术、新工艺、新方法应用于提高工程建设活动的科学性中。作者在多年水利水电工程建设实践中深切地认识到一线质量检查员迫切需要一本能系统、先进、科学解决以上实际问题的工具书。

Engineering construction site management is a specific and meticulous kind of work with strong scientificity, practicability and comprehensiveness, which integrates construction site managers, supervisors and constructors. As the engineering construction site management refers to omni-directional regulation, site managers are required to implement normalized, standardized and institutionalized management on the safety, quality, progress, cost and other aspects of the projects. Only in this way can we carry out the site management smoothly and methodically. Now with continuous development of the engineering construction market, a variety of advanced management ideas and concepts are gradually integrated into the construction site management, which also calls for higher requirements for construction site management personnel.
  Under the background of the engineering construction site management is becoming more and more standardized, how to improve the ability of management personnel, reduce the cost and improve efficiency and economic benefit to the maximum extent on the premise of ensuring the quality of project construction, has become an important task in the engineering construction industry. In order to help those who are interested in engineering construction site management to understand and master the basic theories and methods, to improve the comprehensive quality of the management personnel, and to meet the requirements of engineering construction site management training, the book, in terms of its content and structure, attaches importance to not only the theoretical knowledge, but also the hands-on ability, by collecting and sorting out the experience of construction site management.

前 言

工程建设施工现场管理是一项具体而细致的工作，也是一项科学性、实用性、综合性非常强的工作， 它融合了施工现场管理人员、 监理人员以及工程建设施工者。由于工程建设施工现场管理是全方位的， 要求现场管理人员对工程建设项目的安全、质量、进度、成本等方面都要进行正规化、标准化、制度化管理，这样才能使工程建设现场管理的各项工作有条不紊地顺利进行。现阶段随着工程建设市场的不断发展，各种先进的管理思想和理念正逐渐融入到施工现场管理中，这也对工程建设施工现场管理人员提出了更高的要求。
      如何在工程建设施工现场管理日趋规范的今天，提高工程施工现场管理人员的管理能力，在确保工程建设质量的前提下，最大限度地降低成本，提高生产效率和经济效益，已成为工程建设行业研究的重要课题。为帮助有志于从事工程施工现场管理工作的人员了解并掌握工程施工现场管理的基础理论和方法，提升广大正在从事工程施工现场管理人员的综合素质， 以及满足工程施工现场管理培训工作的需要,全书在内容结构上，既重视对施工现场管理理论知识的阐述，又在收集整理工程建设施工现场管理经验的基础上，注重对施工现场管理人员实际工作能力的培养。

The construction of urban facilities is the basis of forming and perfecting the function of a city and giving full play to the role of the city center. It is the basic condition for invigorating the local economy, improving the living environment of the city and improving the grade of the city. Municipal engineering management is not only directly related to the safety of people’s lives and property, but also related to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of economic construction, and also related to social stability. How to ensure the safe production of construction projects, avoid or reduce safety accidents, and protect the safety and health of employees, is an important issue in the field of engineering construction. The national construction authorities and local authorities have promulgated a series of standards for municipal engineering management, in order to strengthen the safety responsibility of all parties involved in construction projects, strengthen the supervision and management of safety production of construction projects, and improve the safety level of municipal engineering in China.

   The construction of urban facilities is the basis of forming and perfecting the function of a city and giving full play to the role of the city center. It is the basic condition for invigorating the local economy, improving the living environment of the city and improving the grade of the city. Municipal engineering management is not only directly related to the safety of people’s lives and property, but also related to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of economic construction, and also related to social stability. How to ensure the safe production of construction projects, avoid or reduce safety accidents, and protect the safety and health of employees, is an important issue in the field of engineering construction. The national construction authorities and local authorities have promulgated a series of standards for municipal engineering management, in order to strengthen the safety responsibility of all parties involved in construction projects, strengthen the supervision and management of safety production of construction projects, and improve the safety level of municipal engineering in China.

前 言

城市设施建设是形成和完善城市功能、发挥城市中心作用的基础，它是搞活本地区经济，改善城市居住生活环境，提高城市品位的基本条件。市政工程管理工作不仅直接关系到人民群众生命和财产安全,而且关系到经济建设持续、快速、健康发展,更关系到社会的稳定。 如何保证建设工程安全生产， 避免或减少安全事故,保护从业人员的安全和健康,是工程建设领域急需解决的重要课题。 国家建设主管部门和地方先后颁布了一系列市政工程管理的规范标准,以加强建设工程参与各方的安全责任,强化建设工程安全生产监督管理,提高我国市政工程安全水平。
       工程建设活动的结果既是各行各业赖以生存和发展的基础设施，同时又是社会财富的主要载体。目前我国的建筑机电工程取得了卓越的成就，有力地促进了社会各项事业的发展。目前我国正处于经济社会发展的战略机遇期，国家制定了宏大的中长期社会经济发展规划，一方面为工程建设行业创造了巨大的发展机遇，另一方面对工程建设也提出了更高的要求。可以说，在相当长的时期内，建筑机电工程建设的质量好坏、安全与否、进展快慢等，不仅涉及局部地区、特定单位和人群的利益，而且直接影响到社会生活秩序的安定，关系到国家发展战略目标的实现。