With the development of human society and economy and the improvement of material and cultural living standards, on the one hand, people have higher and higher requirements for the function and quality of engineering projects, on the other hand, they expect the construction investment of engineering projects to be as small as possible and the benefits as good as possible. With the acceleration of economic system reform and economic globalization, modern engineering project construction presents the development trend of diversification of investment subject, decentralization of investment decision-making, diversification of project contracting mode, internationalization of engineering construction contract market and complexity of project management. The fundamental purpose of all participants in the project is to maximize their own interests. Therefore, there is a growing demand for professionals with reasonable knowledge structure, higher professional quality and stronger practical skills who are competent for the whole process of project construction cost management.
   Engineering cost control is a new frontier subject which takes construction engineering (engineering project) as the research object, takes engineering technology, economy and management as means, takes benefit as goal, and combines technology, economy and management. The project cost control is to take the whole process of construction project cost management as the main line, to control the project cost at each stage of the early stage of construction, engineering design, project implementation and project completion. It is the main form and core content of the whole process management of project cost, and is also the key to improve the investment efficiency of the project. Whether for large-scale construction projects or for small and medium-sized maintenance and reconstruction projects, the project cost has always been considered as an important factor affecting the investment effect.

前 言

随着人类社会经济的发展和物质文化生活水平的提高，人们一方面对工程项目的功能和质量要求越来越高，另一方面又期望工程项目建设投资尽可能少、效益尽可能好。随着经济体制改革和经济全球化进程的加快，现代工程项目建设呈现出投资主体多元化、投资决策分权化、工程发包方式多样化、工程建设承包市场国际化以及项目管理复杂化的发展态势。而工程项目所有参建方的根本目的都是追求自身利益的最大化。因此，工程建设领域对具有合理的知识结构，较高的业务素质和较强的实作技能，胜任工程建设全过程造价管理的专业人才需求越来越大。
       工程造价控制是一门以建筑工程（工程项目）为研究对象，以工程技术、经济、管理为手段，以效益为目标，技术、经济、管理相结合的、新兴的边缘学科。工程造价控制是以建设项目全过程工程造价管理为主线，对建设前期、工程设计、工程实施、工程竣工各个阶段的工程造价实行层层控制，是工程造价全过程管理的主要表现形式和核心内容，也是提高项目投资效益的关键所在。不管是对于大型建设工程还是对于中小型的维修改造工程，工程造价一直被认为是影响投资效果的重要因素。

With the rapid development of medical science, new medical technologies and methods are constantly emerging, diagnosis and treatment instruments and equipment are also updated from time to time, new drugs come out frequently, and treatment schemes change with each passing day. The development of medical science and technology has also promoted the development of basic theoretical research, diagnosis and treatment technology of obstetrics and gynecology. The development of new technology is not only based on the original, but also closely related to the development of cross disciplines, such as mutual penetration, reference and integration. Therefore, the original and novel diagnosis and treatment technology has made new development in theory, instrument, instrument, detection, treatment and application.

This book systematically and clearly introduces the female reproductive system, obstetrics and gynecology examination, as well as gynecological diseases, tumors and surgical treatment methods. It is rich in content, novel in data, scientific and practical, close to clinical practice, and can strengthen the cultivation of clinical thinking ability. It can be read for reference by colleagues of gynecology and obstetrics in primary hospitals and teachers and students of medical colleges.

前 言

随着医学科学的迅猛发展，医疗新技术、新方法不断涌现，诊疗仪器设备也时有更新，新药更是频频问世，治疗方案日新月异。医学科学技术的发展，也促进了妇产科学的基础理论研究、诊断和治疗技术的发展。新技术的发展不仅是建立在原有基础上，而且是与相关交叉学科的发展相互渗透、借鉴、融合等分不开的，所以原有的和新颖的诊疗技术在理论、仪器、器械、检测、治疗和应用等方面有了新的发展。
      本书系统清晰地介绍了女性生殖系统、妇产科检查以及对妇产科疾病、肿瘤及手术疗方法，内容丰富，资料新颖，科学实用，贴近临床，可强化临床思维能力的培养，可供各基层医院妇产科同仁及医学院校师生阅读参考。

With the continuous development of China’s modernization construction, the relationship between various advanced modern science and technology and industrial production, civil consumption and other fields is more and more close. In terms of chemical instrumental analysis and various analytical technologies, more and more new theories and new ideas have been integrated, and the chemical analysis technology itself has been developed, and it is more accurate and flexible. This book describes and analyzes the characteristics of chemical instrumental analysis and specific analysis technology in detail, and explores the reform and innovation of instrumental analysis and analysis technology from two aspects of advantages and limitations.

前 言

随着我国现代化建设的不断发展，各种先进的现代科技与工业生产、民用消费等领域的关系越来越密切。在化学仪器分析和各项分析技术方面，也整合了越来越多的新理论与新思路，化学分析技术自身也得到了相关的发展并且更加准确、更加灵活。本书对化学仪器分析与具体分析技术的特点进行了详细的阐述与分析，从优势与局限性两个方面来探索仪器分析与分析技术的改革与创新。

As is said that the economic base determines the superstructure, in an era of extreme economic scarcity, people have little demand for living conditions and quality. However, with the people’s living standards getting higher and higher, more and more affluent and educated, there are higher requirements for the quality of housing construction, especially in today’s rapid development of social transformation period. It is mainly reflected in that it not only meets the basic living function of people’s living, but also improves the comfortable degree of people’s living, which is enjoyment. Although new technologies and new materials are constantly updated, the development of housing construction is faster and faster, but there are still some quality problems, including not only those under construction, but also those that have been put into use. This not only affects people’s daily life, but also threatens personal and property safety. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the quality and safety management of housing construction and to formulate specific prevention and control measures for ensuring the construction safety of housing construction, improving the construction quality of housing construction and creating high-quality housing projects.

前 言

正所谓经济基础决定上层建筑，在经济极度匮乏的年代，人们对于居住条件和质量没有什么太多的要求。但随着民众的生活水平越来越高、越来越富裕、受教育程度越来越高，对于房屋建设的质量也就有了更高的要求，特别是在如今急速发展的社会转型时期。其主要体现在，它既要满足民众居住的基本生活功能，还必须要提高民众居住的舒适程度——享受。虽然新技术和新材料的不断更新，使得房屋建设的发展越来越快，但依然存在着一些质量问题，这不仅包括正在建设的，也包括已经投入使用的。这不仅影响了民众的日常生活起居，而且发展到更严重的状况就是威胁到人身财产安全。因此，加强房屋建设的质量安全管理，针对其制定具体的防治措施，对于保证房屋建设的施工安全、提高房屋建设的施工质量以及打造优质精品的房屋工程来说意义重大。

China’s urban rail transit is facing great opportunities for development. According to preliminary statistics, more than 40 cities and thousands of kilometers of urban rail transit lines will be built and put into operation. While building urban rail transit with multi-level and line network, the concept of sustainable development has been paid more and more attention by the industry. To achieve sound and rapid development of China’s urban rail transit by adhering to economic development, clean development and safe development is also the embodiment of the overall requirements of our participants to seriously implement and vigorously promote the construction of ecological civilization, and to deeply implement the goals and tasks of energy conservation and emission reduction.

The operation cost of urban rail transit project is not only related to scientific and reasonable planning, construction and management, but also how to implement the design concept of energy conservation and emission reduction to all aspects during the construction. The energy-saving and emission reduction technology of urban rail transit engineering covers many systems and specialties, such as urban rail transit vehicles, power supply, electromechanical system and operation organization. How to systematically and reasonably implement and implement energy conservation and emission reduction design, actively consider the environmental pressure, energy crisis and other social problems brought by high energy consumption to our country, and take effective measures to give good control is the sacred mission entrusted to today’s subway builders and operators.
      In view of the limitations of the technical level and practice, if there is anything wrong with the content of this book, readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

中国城市轨道交通正面临发展大机遇，据初步统计，将有 40 多个城市、数千公里的城市轨道交通线路将陆续建设和投运，在构建城市多层次、线网化的城市轨道交通的同时，可持续发展的理念也逐步被业界高度重视，坚持节约发展、清洁发展、安全发展来实现中国城市轨道交通又好又快发展，也是我们参与者认真贯彻、大力推进生态文明建设的总体要求，深入落实节能减排的目标和任务的体现。
       城市轨道交通项目运营成本的高低不仅与科学、合理的规划、建设、管理有关，更重要的是在建设期间如何将节能减排的设计理念贯彻到方方面面、点点滴滴，而城市轨道交通工程的节能减排技术涵盖了城市轨道交通车辆、供电、机电系统及运营组织等诸多系统和专业。如何系统性、合理性地全面落实及贯彻节能减排设计，为高能耗给我们国家带来的环境压力、能源危机等社会问题积极思考，并采取有效措施给予良好控制是这个时代赋予当今地铁建设者和运营者的神圣使命。
      鉴于技术水平及实践的局限性，本书内容如有不妥之处，敬请原谅并赐教，不胜感谢。