With the improvement and development of China’s market economy mechanism,China’s infrastructure construction is also significantly enhanced, especially the investment in highway transportation facilities, which provides a rare development opportunity for highway construction units. At the same time, it also puts forward higher requirements for more highway construction units, and people pay special attention to the improvement of project quality in the construction link and management. This is not only related to the overall image of the enterprise, but also related to the safety of people’s life and property. Therefore, only by strengthening the quality of highway bridges, can we make the construction of highway bridges more scientific and standardized.
    Although in recent years, China’s highway construction has made great progress, especially the construction technology and management level have been developed to a certain extent. However, there are still many deficiencies in many aspects, among which the quality problem of highway is the most prominent. Different from other construction projects, highway construction is a highly complex and important project. On the other hand, on the basis of ensuring the construction progress, we should be able to control the cost of highway construction as much as possible, and at the same time, we should be able to strictly meet the quality requirements of highway bridges. If we can’t supervise and manage the construction of highway bridge effectively, it is likely to cause some hidden dangers to the safety of highway. Therefore, this paper discusses the development of highway, subgrade engineering, pavement engineering, special subgrade engineering, asphalt pavement engineering, cement concrete pavement engineering construction technology, construction machinery, construction methods, project management and bridge engineering construction and management.

前 言

随着我国市场经济机制的完善和发展，我国的基础设施建设力度也明显增多，特别是对于公路交通设施基础上的投资力度也明显增强，这给予公路建设单位提供了不可多得的发展机遇。同时也给更多的公路建设单位提出了更高的要求。尤其是对施工环节和管理方面能够特别注重工程质量的提升，这不仅仅是关系到企业的整体形象，更是关系到人民的生命和财产安全，所以，只有加强公路桥梁的质量，才有促使我国公路桥梁的工程施工更加的科学化和规范化。
       尽管在近些年来我国公路建设取得长足进步，特别在施工技术和管理层面上都得到一定的发展。但是在很多的方面还是存着不足之处。而其中主要是公路的质量问题是最突出的，在公路建设方面与其他的建设工程不同，这是一项具有高度复杂性和重要性的工程项目，从另外一方面来说，在保证施工进度的基础上要能够尽可能控制好公路建设的成本支出，同时还要能够严格满足公路桥梁的质量要求。如果不能对公路桥梁施工环节进行有效监督和管理，这就很有可能给公路的安全造成一定的隐患。为此，本文从当前我国的公路的发展、路基工程、路面工程、特殊路基工程、沥青路面工程、水泥混凝土路面工程施工技术、施工机械、施工方法以及项目管理和桥梁工程施工与管理等方面展开论述。

With the development of global economic integration, the research on quality issues has become the focus now. The quality development strategy has become an important part of China’s strategic development. How to improve the quality has become an important task for China’s development. The level of quality shows the comprehensive level of a country’s economy, science and technology, education and other aspects. With the improvement of people’s living standard, enjoying quality has become people’s desire now. Therefore, we should strengthen the construction, supervision and management of quality to promote the economic development of our country and lay a solid foundation for the growth of China’s economic strength.
    This paper starts with the concept of quality supervision, expounds the basic knowledge of quality supervision, and then describes the methods and significance of food quality inspection. And this paper expounds the quality audit and certification, including product quality and laboratory certification, and describes the impact of quality on cost management. This paper discusses the quality management from the perspective of customer demand, and briefly describes the management of service quality, including the definition, mode, system, etc. This paper expounds the division of responsibility and obligation of product quality, and finally describes the improvement of quality, including steps, contents, tools and so on. This paper hopes to provide useful reference for readers, and use the contents of this book in the work of quality supervision and management.

前 言

随着经济全球一体化的发展，对于质量问题的研究也成为现在的重点，质量发展战略已经成为我国战略发展的重要部分，如何提高质量成为现在我国发展的重要任务。质量水平的高低展现了一个国家经济、科技、教育等方面的综合水平。随着人们生活水平的提高，享受质量也成了人们现在的愿望。所以要加强对于质量的建设、监督和管理，促进我国的经济发展。为我国经济实力的壮大打下坚实的基础。
        本文首先从质量监督的概念着手，阐述了质量监督的基本知识；然后又讲述了食品质量检验的方法和意义；对于质量的审核和认证做了阐述包括产品质量、实验室的认证；讲述了质量对于成本管理方面需要注意的问题；从顾客需求角度讲述了质量的管理；对于服务质量的管理做了简单阐述包括定义、模式、体系等；对于产品质量的责任和义务划分做了阐述；最后讲述了质量的改进，包括步骤、内容、工具等等。希望能给读者提供有用的参考意见，在质量监督与管理的工作中能够用到本书的内容。

Road construction enterprises are facing fierce and even cruel competition and challenges. Under the planned economy system, local protection and industry protection no longer exist. Survival of the fittest is the rule of market economy. Road construction enterprises only need benefits from management and survive by management. As a very important task, improving the management level of enterprises as soon as possible is put in front of the managers of highway construction enterprises.
     Highway engineering construction project is a one-time project, which is characterized by large scale, many variable factors, strong mobility of construction units and fierce competition in the industry. These characteristics require that the management of the project must be strengthened, so that the highway construction enterprises can set up the construction organization, set up the construction team and organize the implementation process of the project according to the requirements of the project management. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the progress, quality, labor, machinery, materials, cost, safety, environment, data, completion acceptance and other aspects of the project can be coordinated with each other and well controlled to ensure the smooth completion of the project. At the same time, with the continuous emergence of new technology, new process, new equipment and new materials, the requirements for highway engineering personnel are higher and higher. The professional level and management ability of technical personnel in the basic construction organization of highway engineering have become the key to the orderly, efficient and high-quality completion of highway engineering construction projects. This book mainly starts from the concept of project management, and deeply analyzes the organization management, cost management, progress management, quality management, contract management, safety management and information management in project management, so as to better provide project management services and improve the construction efficiency of the whole construction project.

前 言

公路施工企业面临激烈甚至残酷的竞争和挑战，计划经济体制下的地方保护、行业保护不复存在， 优胜劣汰是市场经济的规则， 公路施工企业只有向管理要效益，靠管理求生存。尽快提高企业的经营管理水平，作为一项非常重要的任务摆在了公路施上企业管理者的面前。
      公路工程施工项目属于一次性工程，其特点是规模大、变动因素多、施工单位流动性强、行业竞争激烈，这些特性要求必须加大项目的管理工作，使公路施工企业按照项目管理要求设置施工组织机构， 组建施工队伍， 对工程项目实施过程组织。 同时，又要保证工程进度、质量、劳动、机械、材料、成本、安全、环境、资料、竣工验收等方面能相互协调，并得到很好的控制，以保证项目顺利完成。同时，新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料的不断涌现，对公路工程人员的要求越来越高。公路工程基层施工组织中的技术人员的业务水平和管理能力的高低， 已经成为公路工程建设项目能否有序、高效、高质量完成的关键。本书主要从项目管理的概念入手，深入分析工程项目管理中的组织管理、费用管理、进度管理、 质量管理、合同管理、安全管理和信息管理，从而更好地提供项目管理服务，提高整个建筑工程的施工效率。

      Housing construction has always been an important part of China’s construction projects. With the development of China’s economic level and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, China’s economy has gradually integrated into the global market, and a large number of large-scale construction projects have emerged, such as the Yangtze River Three Gorges project, Beijing Olympic project, Shanghai World Expo project, Beijing Shanghai high speed rail project, etc. Due to the continuous improvement of the requirements for housing construction projects in China, the early management, cost accounting, construction organization, construction coordination, quality management, safety management and so on in the process of housing project construction are particularly important.In order to meet the requirements of high standard of housing construction, it is necessary to strengthen the management of housing project construction to ensure the smooth completion of construction projects with quality and quantity guaranteed.
      This paper makes full research and analysis on the management of housing construction projects in China from many aspects, including: the analysis of the current situation of housing construction project management in China; the research on the pre construction planning of housing construction projects in China; the analysis on the organization and management of housing construction projects; the analysis on the planning system of housing construction projects; the control, accounting, analysis and research on management; research on cost control of housing construction project; research on construction quality of housing construction project; research and analysis on environmental management and safety management of construction site of housing construction project.

前 言

        房屋建设一直是我国建设项目中的重要组成部分，随着我国经济水平的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，我国经济也渐渐融入了全球市场，并涌现了一大批像长江三峡工程、北京奥运项目、上海世博项目、京沪高铁项目等举世瞩目的特大型建设项目。我国对于房屋建设项目的要求也不断的提高。对于房屋项目建设过程中的前期管理、成本核算、施工组织、施工协调、质量管理、安全管理等也就显得尤为重要。为了符合房屋建设高标准的要求，必须要加强对房屋项目建设的管理，保障建设项目保质保量的顺利建成。
       本文从多个方面对我国房屋建设项目管理做了充分的研究分析，其中包含：我国房屋建筑项目管理的现状分析；对我国房屋建设项目施工前期策划方面的研究；房屋建设项目组织和管理分析；房屋建设项目的计划系统分析；对房屋建设项目进度控制、核算、分析和管理等方面的研究；对房屋建设项目项目成本的成本能控制研究；房屋建设项目施工质量的研究；房屋建设项目施工现场环境管理和安全管理方面的研究分析。

Looking at the economic growth of developed countries in the 20th century, we can draw a conclusion that without innovation, there will be no economic development, no social progress, and it is impossible to improve the survival and development ability of enterprises. Today’s top 500 companies almost all rely on enterprise innovation to grow up gradually. With the development of science and technology and the arrival of the new economic era, enterprise innovation has changed from passivity and contingency to initiative and inevitability. Human beings have never been so devoted to the pursuit of innovation, and enterprises are more aware that innovation has become the soul that determines the survival and development of enterprises. What’s more, medium-sized and small enterprises are not only an important and active force in economic development, but also an important source of power for economic growth with their vigorous innovation activities. Therefore, it is more important to study the innovation of medium-sized and small enterprises for promoting the healthy development of medium-sized and small enterprises in China.
     The development of enterprise innovation theory is a gradual process. In different development periods and different economic development stages, the innovation methods are often different. Therefore, this book analyzes the theory of enterprise innovation and its background and historical conditions, and puts forward the future development trend of enterprise innovation in the new economic situation.
    Modern enterprise innovation practice shows that enterprise innovation is not a single technological innovation, but a comprehensive system engineering. Therefore, this book introduces the technological innovation, product innovation, market innovation, service innovation, organization innovation, management innovation and culture innovation of enterprises, and tries to summarize the rules from them, so as to provide innovation programs for small and medium-sized enterprises.
    In the process of innovation, in addition to relying on market regulation, enterprises also need the government to provide necessary guidance and support. This book introduces the role of government in enterprise innovation and the principles, contents and methods of providing support. 

Because it is relatively late for China to attach importance to small and medium-sized enterprises, and lags far behind the developed countries in the construction of innovation system, and now faces the challenge of new economy, how to realize and control the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country has become the primary problem. This book introduces the current situation and existing problems of innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, and explores the ways of innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
    In the process of planning and compiling this book, we have referred to a large number of domestic and foreign documents and materials, from which we can get inspiration; at the same time, we have also received the support and help from leaders, colleagues, friends and students. We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to you! Due to the rapid development of network information security technology, there are still some unsatisfactory aspects in the selection and compilation of this book. In addition, due to the limited knowledge level and time of the editor, there are inevitably shortcomings and errors in the book. We hope that the experts and readers of the same trade can correct it so as to further improve it.

前 言

纵观 20 世纪世界各发达国家的经济增长， 可以得出这样一个结论， 即没有创新就没有经济发展，就没有社会进步，就不可能提高企业的生存与发展能力。当今世界 500 强的大企业，几乎都是依靠企业创新从小企业逐渐成长起来的。随着科学技术的发展和新经济时代的到来， 企业创新已由过去的被动性、 偶然性走向了主动性、必然性。人类从来没有像今天这样致力于追求创新，企业也从来没有像现在这样认识到创新已成为决定企业生存与发展的灵魂。更值得一提的是，中小企业不仅是经济发展的一只重要而活跃的力量，而且以其富有生机的创新活动，为经济增长提供了重要的动力源泉。因此，深入研究中小企业创新问题对于促进我国中小企业健康发展更具有重要的现实意义。
       企业创新理论的发展是一个渐进的过程，在不同的发展时期、经济不同的发展阶段，往往采取的创新方法也不同，因此，分析了企业创新理论及其产生的背景和历史条件，并提出在新的经济形势下，企业创新的未来发展趋势。

现代企业创新实践表明，企业创新已经不是单一的技术创新，而是一项综合的系统工程。所以，介绍了企业的技术创新、产品创新、市场创新、服务创新、组织创新、管理创新和企业文化创新等有关内容，力求从中总结出规律，为中小企业提供创新方案。
       企业在创新的过程中，除了依靠市场的调节之外，还需要政府提供必要的引导和支持。介绍了政府在企业创新中的作用以及提供支持的原则、内容和方法。

 由于我国重视中小企业工作比较晚，尤其是在创新体系建设上还远落后于发达国家，当今时代又面临着人世的新经济的挑战，我国中小企业如何实现并驾驭企业创新已成为首要问题。介绍了我国中小企业创新的现状及存在的问题，探索我国中小企业创新的途径。
       在本书的策划和编写过程中，曾参阅了国内外有关的大量文献和资料，从其中得到启示；同时也得到了有关领导、同事、朋友及学生的大力支持与帮助。在此致以衷心的感谢!由于网络信息安全的技术发展非常快， 本书的选材和编写还有一些不尽如人意的地方，加上编者学识水平和时间所限，书中难免存在缺点和谬误，敬请同行专家及读者指正，以便进一步完善提高。