The comprehensive development of modern science promotes the development of medicine and bone science. Especially in the past 20 years, the development of some marginal disciplines related to orthopedics, such as materials science, imaging and technology, has directly promoted the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment level of bone science, and made a qualitative leap in the major of bone science. In today’s society, with the acceleration of people’s life rhythm and population aging, the rapid development of medical science and diagnosis and treatment technology, and the continuous change of orthopedic disease spectrum, the division of orthopedic sub specialty is more refined. The new trend of medical integration has put forward higher requirements for the professional knowledge and skills of orthopedic nurses. However, under the circumstances of the changes of disease spectrum, the improvement of orthopedic technology, the introduction and use of new equipment and new materials, and the strengthening of academic exchanges at home and abroad, it is required that our clinical nursing work must innovate thinking, to keep pace with the times, and provide efficient and high-quality services for patients with more exquisite skills, more standardized services and more complete knowledge.

  With the general improvement of orthopedic doctors and the extensive development of various surgical treatments, problems like the increase of surgical complications, the expansion of surgical indications and the unsatisfactory postoperative curative effect are also gradually emerging. How to avoid the above problems and make them appear as little as possible, one of the most important points is to improve the technical and theoretical quality of orthopedic doctors. The nursing team accurately grasped the opportunity of new situation and new tasks of national health system reform, and fully realized the important role of nursing management in deepening the reform of hospital medical system. What’s more, the team is to innovate working ideas, and to take the initiative to self-pressurize in order to adapt to the development needs of hospital management and clinical nursing work. And the scientific, professional and refined level of nursing management is also further improved.

前 言

现代科学的全面发展，促进了医学的发展，也促进了骨科学的发展。尤其是近20 年来，与骨科相关的一些边缘学科如材料学、影像学和工艺学等学科的发展，直接促进了骨科学诊断和治疗水平的提高，使骨科学这一专业有了质的飞跃。当今社会人们生活节奏的加快和人口老龄化的加速，医学科学和诊疗技术的迅速发展，骨科疾病谱的不断变化，使得骨科亚专业的划分更为精细。医护一体化的医疗新趋势对骨科护理人员的专业知识和技能水平提出了更高要求。而疾病谱的变化，骨科技术的改进，新设备、新材料的引进使用以及国内外学术交流的加强，要求我们的临床护理工作必须创新思维、与时俱进，以更精湛的技能、更规范化的服务、更完备的知识，为患者提供高效优质的服务。
       随着骨科医师水平的普遍提高和各种手术疗法的广泛开展，手术并发症的增加、 手术指征的扩大化以及术后疗效不理想等问题也逐渐增多。 如何避免上述问题，使其尽可能少的出现， 其中很重要的一点就是提高骨科专业医师的技术和理论素质。而护理队伍准确把握国家卫生体制改革的新形势及新任务，充分认识到护理管理在深化医院医疗体制改革中的重要作用，创新工作思路，主动自我加压，以适应医院管理和临床护理工作的发展需要，护理管理的科学化、专业化、精细化水平也进一步提升。

Artificial intelligence is a high-tech industry, and the high research and development costs, the possibility of innovation failure, the international market competition and uncertainty, the domestic cross-industry development, and market scuffles and so on, will all cause fatal damage to high-tech enterprises. In this context, creating an AI industrial strategic alliance is the best choice. At this stage, most scholars from the East and the West mainly focus on researching alliance dynamics and the focal enterprises of alliance combination from the perspective of industrial alliance conflicts and collaborations, but they do not think from the perspective of “symbiotic values”.

The innovation of this research is that from the perspective of symbiosis, the hypothesis that the symbiotic belief affects alliance performance is proposed and then is verified. It contributes a method for the study of alliance performance and adds a new reference to the theory of alliance performance. What is unique in this research is that in the symbiotic belief and alliance performance model, the customer value of marketing is substituted, which is also well verified.

前 言

人工智能属高新科技产业，高额研发费用、创新失败的可能、国际市场竞争及不确定性，国内同业交叉开发、市场混战等等，都会给高新企业带来致命的伤害。在此背景下，创建人工智能产业战略联盟是为最佳选择。 现阶段东西方学者们，大部分还是从产业联盟冲突与协同，来研究联盟动态及联盟组合焦点企业为主，没有从“共生价值观”角度去思考。

本研究创新点：从共生价值观角度提出共生信仰影响联盟绩效，假设得到验证，为联盟绩效研究贡献了一种方法，为联盟绩效理论增加了新的参考，其中独特的地方是在共生信仰与联盟绩效模型中，代入营销学范畴的顾客价值，也得很好到验证。

The purpose of mechanical design is to improve work efficiency and reduce the difficulty of work. The design and manufacture of machinery is the focus of relevant departments. With the development of science and technology and computer network, automation technology is gradually linked with mechanical manufacturing to realize the intelligent manufacturing process of products. The rapid development and popularization of automation technology have greatly accelerated people’s life and work efficiency, promoted the automation construction level in various fields, and created more benefits for social economy. The organic combination of automation technology and mechanical production industry, the comprehensive use of network technology, intelligent technology, numerical control technology, and so on., can comprehensively improve the design level and manufacturing quality of industrial machinery, and lead China’s machinery manufacturing industry to continuously advance towards virtualization, environmental protection and networking.
   As the basis of the change of social economic structure and economic development in China, modern industry has been gradually integrated with more and more high-tech with the continuous development of modern science and technology, and more advanced scientific and technological industrial theories have been derived, which makes the development trend of intelligence and automation in China’s high-tech industry. The traditional mechanical design and manufacturing industry has a higher economic cost, but the actual design capacity is smaller, and it is no longer suitable for the needs of industrial machinery development system in the new economic era. Especially after China’s accession to the world trade organization, the internal economic cost and external industry competition pressure brought by the international market are always full of domestic mechanical design and manufacturing industry. In the environment of both demand and pressure, the domestic machinery manufacturing and automation industry needs to clarify the future development direction and find new goals.

前 言

机械设计目的是提高工作效率、降低工作难度，机械的设计与制造是有关部门聚焦的重点。随着科技与计算机网络的发展，自动化技术逐渐与机械制造相联系，实现产品智能化的制造过程，自动化技术的快速发展和普及应用，大大加快了人们生活和工作效率，促进了各个领域的自动化建设水平提升，为社会经济创造了更多效益。将自动化技术与机械生产行业有机结合，综合利用网络技术、智能技术、数控技术等，可全面提高工业机械设计水平和制造质量，引领我国机械制造产业向着虚拟化、环保化、网络化方向不断迈进。
       现代工业作为我国社会经济结构变更和经济发展的基础，随着现代科技的不断发展已经逐渐与越来越多的高新技术相融合， 并且衍生出更多的先进科技工业理论，使我国高新工业产业出现智能化与自动化的发展趋势。传统的机械设计与制造工业自身经济成本较高，但是实际上的设计产能则较小，已经逐渐不再适合新经济时代工业机械发展体系的需求。尤其是我国加入世界贸易组织以后，国际市场带来的内部经济成本和外部行业竞争压力时刻充斥着国内机械设计制造产业，在需求与压力并重的环境下，国内机械制造及自动化产业需要明确未来发展方向，寻找新目标。

With the continuous development of China’s highway transportation industry, the number of highway bridge projects is also increasing, which greatly promotes the development of our country and facilitates the daily travel of our people. In the construction process of highway bridge, tunnel construction is often carried out. The construction of tunnel is very difficult, and the requirements for construction technology are also high, so it is easy to have various problems in the construction process.
   With the development and progress of society, the construction of modern highway and bridge in our country is developing rapidly, and the construction of highway tunnel is a very important project. In this regard, this book combines the current construction status of highway bridge tunnels in China, effectively improving the construction technology and quality management of road and bridge tunnels.
   Compared with other construction projects, highway and bridge construction is the main body of its management. Compared with other engineering construction, highway bridge engineering is relatively complex. On the basis of ensuring the progress of the project, we need to save the construction cost to the greatest extent, attach importance tothe construction management of highway and bridge, and put forward corresponding countermeasures to ensure the safe and effective construction of the project.

前 言

随着我国公路交通行业的不断发展，建设的公路桥梁工程数量也越来越多，极大推动了我国的发展，方便了我国人民的日常出行。在公路桥梁的施工过程中，经常会进行隧道的施工，隧道的施工十分困难，对施工技术的要求也较高，很容易在施工过程中出现各种问题。
       社会的发展进步使得我国现代化的公路桥梁建设工程发展迅速，而公路隧道建设是一项十分关键的工程建设项目。对此，本书结合了当前我国公路桥梁隧道的施工现状，有效地完善道路桥梁隧道的施工工艺和质量管理工作。
       公路桥梁建设和其他建设项目比较而言有着很大差别，公路和桥梁是其管理的主体。与其他的工程建设相比公路桥梁工程相对复杂，在保证工程进度的基础上需要最大程度的节省建设成本， 重视公路桥梁施施工管理工作， 提出相应的解决对策，确保工程建设安全有效的进行。

Highway bridge is the throat of traffic artery, its operation status is related to economic development and people’s life. The research of highway and bridge maintenance management system has been more mature in many developed countries, but it is still in the development stage in China. The research of highway bridge maintenance management system is of great significance to ensure the scientific, reasonable and economic determination of maintenance countermeasures, prolong the service life of highway bridges, and ensure the safe operation of highway bridges.

   Highway bridge can provide basic guarantee for people’s safe travel, and it is an important transportation hub connecting various regions effectively, so it is necessary to pay more attention to its safety. With the continuous improvement of China’s social economy, highway and bridge construction plays an important role. However, the maintenance and reinforcement of highway bridges need to be strengthened in the process of use, which is an indispensable main method to increase the service time of highway bridges.

   China’s existing highway bridge construction has made great achievements, but most of the highway bridges have low design technical standards and poor traffic capacity, which can not meet the needs of transportation brought by rapid economic development, and the maintenance of old bridges will be in a peak period. The maintenance and management of highway bridges can not be separated from advanced concepts and technologies. At present, there are some problems in the maintenance concept of highway bridges, such as focusing on the construction of light maintenance, no distinction between road and bridge maintenance, unclear maintenance concept, indifferent crisis consciousness and lack of systematic concept; in terms of system, there is a lack of maintenance backbone team, the system is in form, and the management environment is not comprehensive; there are no perfect rules and regulations, and the technical understanding is not thorough; in terms of resources, the overall quality of human resources needs to be improved, maintenance funds are short, equipment is not complete, and timely maintenance information is lacking. In addition, there are also great deficiencies in the quality and safety of maintenance.

前 言

公路桥梁是交通动脉的咽喉，它的运营状况关乎经济发展和人民生活。公路桥梁养护管理系统的研究在许多发达国家已经比较成熟，而在我国还处于发展阶段。公路桥梁养护管理系统的研究对于确保通过科学、合理、经济确定养护对策，延长公路桥梁使用寿命，保证公路桥梁的安全运营具有重要意义。
        公路桥梁可以为人们的安全出行提供基本保障，是各个地区有效连接的重要交通枢纽，故需提高对其安全性的重视程度。随着我国社会经济的不断提升，公路桥梁建设起着举足轻重的作用。然而公路桥梁在使用过程中需要加大养护与维修加固的力度，这是增加公路桥梁使用时间不可缺少的主要方法。

我国现有公路桥梁建设已取得巨大成就，但大多数公路桥梁的设计技术标准较低、通行能力差，不能满足快速经济发展带来的交通运输需要，旧桥养护将处于一个高峰期。公路桥梁的养护和管理离不开先进的理念和技术，目前公路桥梁养护观念上存在着重建设轻养护、路桥养护不分、养护概念不明确、危机意识淡漠、缺乏系统观念的问题；在体制方上缺少养护骨干队伍、体制处于形式、管理大环境不全面问题；规章上没有完善的规章制度，对技术理解不透彻；资源上，整体的人力资源素质有待提高，养护资金短缺，设备不全， 缺少及时的养护信息。另外养护质量、安全上也存在很大的不足。