With the development of China’s social and economic level and the gradual improvement of people's living standards, people have more choices in their travel modes and higher demand for China’s traffic construction. The traffic volume of our country’s roads is also increasing, which adds pressure to our country’s roads and bridges. In order to ensure that the traffic bridges in our country can meet the needs of the people and ensure the quality and safety of the bridges, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study and analysis of the existing problems of the bridges, and carry out maintenance work for the bridges through effective maintenance methods, so as to improve the service life of the road bridges in our country.

This book gives a detailed description of the maintenance design and construction of roads and bridges in China. The research contents include: the development history, current situation and classification of road and bridge in China; the research on the management and maintenance of road and bridge in China; the theory and method of bridge quality inspection and evaluation; the safety management of road and bridge maintenance.

前言

随着我国社会经济水平的发展以及人民生活水平的逐步提高，人们的出行方式有了更多地选择，对于我国的交通建设也有了更高的需求。我国道路的交通量也越来越大，对我国道路桥梁增添了压力。为了保障我国交通桥梁能满足人民的需要，并保证桥梁质量和安全，就需要通过对桥梁进行全面地研究、分析其目前存在的问题，通过有效的养护方法，对桥梁进行维护工作，以提高我国道路桥梁的使用寿命。

本书对我国道路桥梁的养护设计和桥梁养护施工进行了详细的说明，研究的内容包括：我国道路桥梁的发展历史和现状、分类组成；对于目前我国道路桥梁管理与养护的研究；桥梁质量检测评估的理论和方法；对道路桥梁进行养护作业时的安全管理。

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the scale and variety of construction projects are expanding day by day, showing the momentum of vigorous development. Construction has become the most dynamic industry today. Road and bridge planning and design is the key to road and bridge construction. Its planning and design quality not only affects whether the functions of urban road and bridge meet the needs of urban traffic, but also affects the long-term planning of the city, the investment size of infrastructure and the future development prospects.
    Bridges and roads bring great convenience to urban construction, promote economic development and social exchanges, and bring more convenience to the public. With the development of national economy, the scale of the city is expanding, the population of the city is increasing rapidly, and the traffic congestion problem is becoming more and more serious. As a means of transportation, road, bridge and tunnel have developed rapidly with their incomparable advantages, playing an increasingly important role in the development of urban economy.
    Due to the limited professional level and teaching level of the editor, insufficient data collection and collation, and short writing time, errors and deficiencies are inevitable. Readers are invited to criticize and correct them so that they can be corrected in reprint.

前 言

随着我国经济的快速发展，建设工程的规模日益扩大，种类日益繁多，呈现出蓬勃发展的势头，建设已成为当今最具有活力的一个行业。道路桥梁规划与设计是路桥建设的关键，其规划设计质量不仅影响城市道路桥梁的功能是否满足城市交通的需要，而且还能影响城市的长远规划、 基础设施的投资大小和今后发展前景。
   桥梁道路给城市建设带来了很大的便利，促进了经济发展和社会交流，为公众带来了更多的便利。随着国民经济的发展，城市规模在不断扩大，城市人口急剧增加，随之出现的交通拥堵问题日趋严重。道路桥梁隧道作为交通运输方式以其不可比拟的优势快速发展起来，在城市经济发展中发挥着越来越大的作用。
   由于编者业务水平和教学水平有限，资料收集和整理不够，编写时间仓促，错误和不足之处在所难免，敬请读者批评和指正，以便再版时修正。

Electrical automation is a significant symbol of industrial modernization as well as the core technology of modern advanced science, the development of electrical automation has a deep impact on the development of the national economy, this paper focuses on the importance of the development of electrical automation. The concept of electrical automation was proposed in the early last century, and related courses of electrical automation were offered in several colleges and universities in 1950s, indicating that the proposal and development of electrical automation in our nation is very earlier. As the rapid development of economy and the progress in science and technology, the electrical automation has been continuously improved and developed as well, especially , it has made vigorous development in recent years. The traditional concept of electric drive control can not match the production requirements of modern enterprise, so as to improve the production and management capabilities as well as the market competitiveness of enterprises, it’s important to enhance the application of current electric power automation component technology.
     Nowadays, as the development of the technology, our nation’s electrical automation has made a great progress. In particular, the coming of information age and the widely application of new power electronic devices greatly improved the application of electric automation level of our country.
    Machinery manufacturing and automation is a subject with great specialty and knowledge, by the introduction and application of automation technology, machinery manufacturing industry achieved the effective optimization of machining object production process as well as it’s continuous automatic production. The application and development of automation technology in manufacturing is a major means for machinery manufacturing industry’s technological transformation and development. And yet, the level of mechanical automation technology had a direct impact for the technological development of machinery manufacturing industry and national economic development sector. Thus, it’s necessary to study the mechanical manufacturing and automation.

前 言

电气自动化是工业现代化的重要标志和现代先进科学的核心技术、电气自动化的发展对国家经济发展有着极其远的影响、现着重闸述了电气自动化发展的重要性。我国早在上世纪初就已经提出了电气自动化的概念， 并且到了 50 年代， 在我国的各大高校中开始开设电气自动化的相关课程，因此我国的电气自动化的提出和发展是较早的。随着我国经济的高速发展和科学技术的进步，我国的电力电气自动化也得到不断地完善和发展，并且在近几年处在蓬勃发展的阶段，在电力电子技术和微电子信息技术领域取得了重大的进步，传统的电力拖动控制的概念已经不能适应现代企业的生产需要，所以为了提高现代电力的生产能力、管理水平和提高企业的市场竞争力，增强现在的电力电气自动化元件技术的应用，就显得尤为重要了。
  近年来，随着科技水平的不断提升，我国电气自动化已经取得了较大的发展，尤其是信息时代的到来及新型电力电子器件的大量运用，促使我国电气自动化水平得到了极大的提升。
  机械制造与自动化是一门专业性和知识性很强的学科，通过自动化技术的引入与应用，机械制造业实现加工对象地连续自动生产和生产过程的有效优化。自动化技术在制造的应用与发展，是机械制造业进行技术改造和技术发展的主要手段。而机械自动化技术水平的高低，对我国机械制造业和国民经济发展部门的技术进步与否产生了直接的影响。因此，有必要对机械制造与自动化进行研究。

Archives are civilized products of the development of human society to a certain stage and the original records of human social practice. In the 21st century, hospital archives management has become an important part of hospital management, and hospital archives work is a very important work. With the development of society, many new problems and challenges have been put forward to the archival work, and new requirements have also been put forward to the archivists. The archivists must keep learning, surpass themselves, master solid professional knowledge and have good comprehensive quality to meet the needs of the development of the hospital’s archival work.
      This paper explores the way of hospital archives management from several perspectives, including: the overview of the relevant definitions of archives management, including the definition, function, origin, classification and so on; secondly, it analyzes the contents of archives management, including the nature, principle, organization system and development trend, etc. It explore the methods, principles and significance of the basic collection of archives. After the collection of archives, we need to analyze the relevant ways of archives arrangement; clinical diagnosis and treatment content is the very key content of the hospital database. This paper analyzes and discusses the relevant contents of clinical diagnosis and treatment results, hospital information, especially the use of basic information and system, and finally explores the preparation and research of important scientific and technological archives in hospitals.

前 言

档案是人类社会发展到一定阶段的文明产物，是人类社会实践活动的原始记录，在迈入 21 世纪的今天，医院档案管理已经成为医院管理的重要组成部分，医院档案工作是一项非常重要的工作。社会的发展对档案事业提出了许多新的问题和新的挑战，也向档案工作者提出了新的要求，档案工作者必须不断学习，超越自我，掌握扎实的专业知识，具备良好的综合素质，才能适应医院档案工作发展的需要。
  本文从多个角度对医院档案管理方式进行了探究，其中包含：档案管理相关定义的概述，包含定义、作用、起源、分类等方面展开探究；其次，对档案管理工作内容展开分析，包含性质、原则、组织体系以及发展趋势等内容；对档案基础收集工作的方法、原则以及意义等内容展开探究；档案材料搜集之后还需要对档案整理的相关方式展开分析；临床诊疗内容是构成医院数据库的非常关键的内容，本文对临床诊疗结果的相关内容展开分析和讨论；对医院信息尤其是基础信息和系统的利用等内容展开分析； 最后， 对医院重要的科技档案的编制和研究等工作展开了探究。

China has a long history of freshwater aquaculture, which is the first country in the world to raise fish in ponds. Over the past 3000 years, people in China have accumulated rich experience in freshwater aquaculture. After the founding of People’s Republic of China, due to the attention of the party and the state and the superiority of the socialist system, the cause of freshwater aquaculture in our country has achieved rapid development, especially since the Reform and Opening up, the breeding water surface has been continuously expanded, breeding objects have been increasing, the breeding technology has been continuously innovated, and the breeding output and quality have been continuously improved, which greatly meets the growing demand of the people for aquatic products.
    This book is rich in content and covers a wide range of knowledge and technology. It is a very practical reference book, which can be read and used by water supply scientists, students of higher aquaculture institutions and the majority of aquaculture workers, in order to enrich knowledge accumulation, improve the level of science and technology, and guide production practice.
    Aquaculture is a subject based on biology and related to many subjects, such as chemistry, meteorology, nutrition, ecology, genetics, medicine, disease and fishing. Due to the lack of time and the limited level of editors, mistakes and omissions are inevitable. We sincerely invite readers to criticize and correct them in order to further improve and enrich them in the future.

前 言

我国的淡水养殖事业有着悠久的历史，是世界上池塘养鱼最早的国家。近 3000多年来，我国劳动人民积累了极为丰富的淡水养殖经验。新中国成立后，由于党和国家的重视及社会主义制度的优越性，使我国的淡水养殖事业获得了飞速的发展，尤其是改革开放以来，养殖水面不断扩大，养殖对象日益增多，养殖技术不断革新，养殖产量和品质不断提高，极大地满足了广大人民群众对水产品日益增长的需求。
  本书内容丰富，知识及技术涵盖面广，是一本实用性很强的工具书，可供水产科技工作者、高等水产院校生、广大水产养殖者阅读使用，以期充实知识积累，提高科技水平，指导生产实践。
  水产养殖是一门以生物学为基础与化学、气象学、营养学、生态学、遗传学、医药学、疾病学及捕捞学等多学科相关联的学科，牵涉面很广，由于时间仓促，加之编者水平有限，错漏之处在所难免，恳请广大读者批评指正，以期今后进一步完善和充实。