Highway transportation has become an important part of modern comprehensive transportation system because of its flexibility, rapidity, convenience, mobility, wide coverage, deep access and good accessibility. It is an important basic industry of national economy and a new economic “growth point”, is the lifeline of rapid, healthy and sustainable development of society and economy, and to a certain extent marks the level of social and economic development of a country or region. Since the Reform and Opening up, in order to meet the needs of social and economic development, China’s highway transportation has entered a new development period. The mileage, volume of road transportation and the number of civil vehicles have increased substantially, and the trunk road network covering the whole country and provinces has gradually formed. The highway construction project can not be completed on time without effective and reasonable management. Only by paying attention to the management role of highway engineering projects, can we minimize the errors in the process of highway construction and improve the quality of highway construction. Highway engineering management is a complex system work. Different engineering projects have different management measures. Therefore, highway engineering managers should not only follow the systematic and scientific engineering management methods, but also keep pace with the times, boldly seek new things, strengthen highway engineering management, strictly control all aspects of construction, and take measures in advance to ensure the smooth progress of highway engineering; at the same time, the managers also need to summarize the experience and lessons in the highway engineering, in-depth study of highway engineering management methods, improve the highway engineering construction process, so as to improve the efficiency of highway engineering construction and promote the rapid development of Highway Engineering in China.
    Combined with the practical work experience of highway engineering management, this book systematically summarizes and discusses the theoretical knowledge of highway engineering management, as the theoretical guidance of highway construction management in the future, and enriches the literature of highway engineering management.

前 言

公路交通以其灵活、快捷、方便、机动、覆盖面广、通达深度深、可达性好等特点，成为现代综合交通运输体系的重要组成部分。它是国民经济的重要基础产业和新的经济“增长点”，是社会及经济快速、健康、持续发展的生命线，并在一定程度上标志着一个国家或地区社会经济的发展水平。改革开放以来，为了适应社会经济发展的需要，我国公路运输进入了一个新的发展时期，公路里程、公路运输量和民用汽车保有量均大幅度增长，覆盖全国及各省的干线公路网己逐渐形成。公路建设项目如期完成离不开有效合理管理，只有注重公路工程项目的管理作用，才能最大限度地减少公路建设过程中的失误，提高公路建设质量。公路工程管理是一项复杂的系统工作，不同的工程项目，所采取的管理措施存在差异，因此，公路工程管理者不仅要遵循系统、科学的工程管理办法，而且要与时俱进，大胆求新，加强公路工程管理工作，对施工中各个方面严加控制，提前做好应对措施，保证公路工程顺利进行；同时，管理者还需要在公路工程中总结经验教训，深入研究公路工程管理方法，完善公路工程施工过程，从而提升公路工程施工效率，促进我国公路工程的快速发展。
       本书结合公路工程管理方面的实际工作经验，系统归纳与论述了公路工程管理理论知识，作为今后公路建设管理的理论指导，同时丰富公路工程管理方面的文献资料。

In the field of microbiology, the development of molecular biology, moleculargenetics and ecology has promoted the development of environmental microbiology.Many microbial application technologies have penetrated into the environmentalprotection work, and played an important role in improving human living environmentand eliminating environmental pollution. Microorganism is the basic component of natural ecosystem, which is closely connected with material circulation and energy flow. It decomposes all kinds of organic matters in the environment, including all kinds of wastes and organic pollutants generated by human activities, maintains the relative balance of natural ecosystem while maintaining its growth and reproduction, and helps human beings“clean” the environment.

Environmental microbiology is a professional basic course for environmentalprotection majors. It provides students with the necessary basic theories and experimentalskills of microorganisms for learning water pollution control engineering, air pollutioncontrol engineering, environmental monitoring, solid waste treatment and utilization andother professional courses. Higher vocational colleges train high skilled applied talents tomeet the needs of production, service and management. For this purpose, the compilationof this textbook systematically introduces the basic knowledge of microbial morphology,structure, nutrition, metabolism, growth and reproduction, and genetic variation in accordance with the principles of “theoretical teaching sufficiency” and “practice,practicality and practice”. On the basis of meeting the needs of subsequent courses, some contents are adjusted and deleted. For example, the metabolism of microorganisms is only introduced the metabolism of production capacity. In the practical application of microorganisms, the influence of microorganisms on the environment, the role of
microorganisms in the natural material circulation, and the application of microbial technology in environmental management are introduced. The experimental part includes the basic skills and operation methods of microorganisms, the detection of microorganisms in water and air, the separation, screening and cultivation of high efficient pollutant degradation strains.

Due to the limited level of editors, it is difficult to avoid the mistakes or omissions in the book. We sincerely ask our colleagues and readers to criticize and correct them.

前 言

在微生物学领域里，由于分子生物学、分子遗传学以及生态学的发展，促进了环境微生物学的发展，许多微生物应用技术渗透到环境保护工作中，为改善人类的生存环境和消除环境污染起到了重要作用。微生物是自然生态系统中的基本成分，物质循环和能量流动与之紧密相连，它通过分解环境中的各种有机物，其中包括人类活动产生的各类废弃物和有机污染物，在维持自身生长繁殖的同时，也维持了自然生态系统的相对平衡，帮助人类“清洁”环境。

环境微生物学是环境保护类专业的专业基础课，它为学生学习水污染控制工程、大气污染控制工程、环境监测、固体废弃物处理与利用等专业课程提供了必需的微生物基本理论和实验技能。高职高专培养的是适应生产、服务、管理第一线需要的高技能应用型人才，以此为目标，本教材的编写按照“理论教学够用为度”及“实际、实用、实践”的原则，比较系统地介绍了微生物形态、构造、营养、代谢、生长繁殖及遗传变异等基础知识，在满足后续课程需要的基础上，对部分内容做了调整和删减，例如，微生物代谢部分只介绍了产能代谢。在微生物的实际应用方面，介绍了微生物对环境产生的影响，微生物在自然界物质循环中的作用，微生物技术环境治理中的应用等内容。实验部分包括微生物的基本技能和操作方法，水中、空
气中微生物的检测，污染物高效降解菌株的分离、筛选、培养等实验。

由于编者水平有限，书中不妥或错漏之处难以避免，恳请广大同仁、读者批评指正。

With the improvement of people’s life quality, people’s demand for medical and health services is also increasing. The development of modern medical technology and the improvement of medical level are bound to promote the improvement of nursing technology. In recent years, the disease rate of gynecology has been increasing year by year. Pregnancy is the most important period of time, which requires regular delivery. Nursing rehabilitation and health care in obstetrics and gynecology are of great significance to improve the physical quality of pregnant women and ensure the smooth birth of infants.
      This book writes the contents of nursing rehabilitation and health care in obstetrics and gynecology from various perspectives: including a detailed summary of women physiology and reproductive system; precautions during pregnancy, regular birth examination and changes of mother and fetus; the preparation for delivery in the later stage of pregnancy including the factors of delivery, selection of methods, clinical manifestations and postpartum care; psychological activities, clinical manifestations and rehabilitation guidance of puerperal women; the importance of women health care and the characteristics of health care; research on the experience and progress of women health care at home and abroad; the psychological changes and physiological characteristics of puberty and the importance of puberty sexual health education; the importance of premarital physical examination; introduction of marriage and childbirth for hereditary, infectious, sexually transmitted and mental diseases; introduction to the theory of eugenics and pre pregnancy knowledge; Health care guidance during pregnancy and childbirth, etc.

前 言

随着人民生活质量的提高，人民对于医疗卫生服务的需求也在不断提升。新的诊疗技术也在不断地更新，现代医疗技术的发展与医疗水平的提高也势必带动护理技术的提高，近年来妇科的疾病率在逐年增加，怀孕时期是最需要注意的时间段，需要孕妇定时产检。妇产科护理康复与保健对提升孕妇身体素质、保障婴儿顺利出生都具有非常重要的意义。
        本书从多个角度对妇产科护理康复与保健内容进行撰写：包含女性的生理与生殖系统的详细概括；怀孕时期的注意事项与定时产检以及母亲与胎儿的变化，怀孕后期的分娩准备；包含分娩期妇女的分娩因素，选择方式、临床表现、产后护理；产褥期妇女的心理活动、临床表现与康复指导；妇女保健工作的重要性与保健工作的特点范围，研究国内外妇女保健工作的经验与进展情况；青春期发育的心理变化与生理特点以及针对青春期性健康教育的重要性进行概述；详细介绍婚前体检的重要性，针对有遗传性病、传染病、性传播疾病、精神疾病进行婚育的介绍；优生优育的理论介绍与孕前的常识介绍；孕产期的保健指导等。

     As a special commodity, the quality of construction products has always beenconcerned by people. With the development of the society and the progress of the times,people’s demand and expectation for the construction engineering are higher and higher.Therefore, the State formulates and modifies and improves the current codes, regulations and application standards from design to construction, building materials, project quality supervision and supervision, and various local and industry also formulates corresponding codes and specifications, which provides a reliable guarantee for standardizing construction market behavior and controlling project quality.

   Construction quality and inspection is a very important work in project management,is the lifeline of construction enterprises, and is related to the survival and development of enterprises. This book fully responds to the call of “high quality development” of the country, adheres to the compilation principle of “clear goal, appropriate system, innovative content, concise and comprehensive”, and is compiled by organizing in-depth study and understanding of current specifications, procedures and standards on the basis of earnestly summarizing many years of engineering practice experience.

      This book follows the development of the times, and it is close to the engineering practice. It strives to be fully based and concise. It summarizes problems in concise and popular language, and tries to avoid blindly piling up theoretical articles and simply quoting normative items. This book is written in combination with the standards, quality and safety analysis and prevention and control measures are carried out around the relevant standards; combined with the reform and development trend of the engineering construction industry, it enables readers to understand the new trend, new technology and new requirements of the quality and safety management of construction projects, and constantly broaden their knowledge.

    In the process of compiling this book, we have referred to a large number of documents, and hereby we sincerely thank the relevant authors. The references are listed at the end of the book. Due to the limited level of editors and the rush of time, there are inevitably omissions and irregularities in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

建筑产品作为一种特殊商品，其产品质量历来受到人们的关注。随着社会的发展和时代的进步，人们对建筑工程的需求和期望越来越高。为此，国家制定和修改、提高现行的从设计到施工、建筑材料、工程质量监理、监督的规范、规程和应用标准，各地方和行业也制定相应的规程和规范，对规范建筑市场行为、控制工程质量提供了可靠的保证。
       建筑工程施工质量与检测是项目管理中十分重要的工作，是建筑企业的生命线，关系企业的生存与发展。本书充分响应国家“高质量发展”的号召，坚持“目标明确、体系合适、内容创新、言简意赅”的编写原则，在认真总结多年工程实践经验的基础上，深入学习和理解现行各种规范、规程和标准组织编写而成。
       本书紧跟时代发展，贴近工程实践，内容力求依据充分，简明扼要，以精练通俗的语言总结问题，尽量避免盲目堆砌理论性的条文和简单引用规范的条目。本书编写结合规范标准， 质量与安全分析和防控措施都围绕相关规范标准展开;结合工程建设行业改革发展趋势，让读者了解建筑工程质量与安全管理的新趋势、新技术、新要求，不断开阔知识面。
        本书在编写过程中参考了大量的文献资料，在此对相关作者致以诚挚的谢意，参考文献列于书末。由于编者水平有限，加之时间仓促，书中难免存在疏漏与不妥之处，敬请读者批评指正。

     With the acceleration of the global warming process and the shortening of the global abnormal climate occurrence cycle, sustainable development has attracted the attention of the whole world in today's population expansion, the destruction of the earth's environment, the depletion of resources and other issues. People began to reflect on the increasing development of construction projects. In the one hundred years since the
      Industrial Revolution, the construction industry has a great impact on the environment. The construction industry is a “big energy consumer”. 50% of the global energy consumption lies in the building, and the energy consumption of HVAC accounts for 30%~50% of the building energy consumption, and increases year by year with the improvement of people's requirements for the quality of life. In the process of sustainable design, under the influence of various financial crises and energy crises, people reduce the energy consumption of buildings by reducing the fresh air volume, reducing the operation power of air conditioner, reducing the air volume of circulating fans and other measures.
However, while reducing energy consumption, it also reduces people's comfort level to the lowest limit. Energy consumption has decreased, but new problems have arisen and air quality is deteriorating. With the development of the construction industry, people's awareness level is constantly improving. HVAC professionals gradually understand that energy conservation and environmental protection should be organically unified. Therefore, with the minimum energy consumption, creating a healthy and comfortable indoor environment and protecting the atmospheric environment is exactly the requirements of the new building for HVAC specialty.
       HVAC equipment is a huge and complex system engineering. As professional HVAC technicians, we must strictly grasp each process to ensure the normal use of the building's HVAC system.
        The main content of this book includes: HVAC system, HVAC cold and heat sources, HVAC energy saving technology, HVAC system and equipment control energy saving, HVAC system automatic control and noise isolation, HVAC construction and installation basic knowledge, central heating equipment construction and installation process, HVAC engineering construction and installation process, refrigeration pipeline and equipment construction and installation worker, operation and commissioning of ventilation air conditioner and refrigeration system and anti corrosion and heat preservation of HVAC system.
       This book can be used as a standing reference book and training book for staff of heating and ventilation engineering cost and relevant work, and also for teachers and students of relevant majors in vocational colleges.

 In the process of compiling this book, many excellent books and relevant national standards have been referred to and used for reference, and the help of relevant staff has been obtained. Due to the limited knowledge and experience of the author, although the editor tries his best, there are still some omissions in the book. Experts and readers can criticize and correct them and it will be appreciated very much.

前 言

随着全球变暖进程的加速和全球异常气候出现周期的缩短，在人口不断膨胀、地球环境被破坏、资源枯竭等问题困扰今天的人类，可持续发展已经引起全世界范围的关注。对于开发力度不断加大的建筑工程，人们也开始进行反思。自工业革命之后的短短一百年间，人类所从事的活动中，建筑业对环境产生了巨大的影响。
     建筑业是个“耗能大户”，全球能耗的 50%在于建筑，而暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的 30%～50%，并且随着人们对于生活质量要求的提高而逐年增加。在可持续设计的过程中，在各种各样金融危机、能源危机的影响下，人们以减低新风量，减小空调运行功率，降低循环风机风量等措施来降低建筑的能耗。但是，在能耗降低的同时，也把人们的舒适程度降低到了最下限。能耗下降了，但新的问题又产生了，空气品质在不断恶化。随着建筑业的发展，人们的认识水平不断提高，暖通专业人员逐渐明白，要把节能和保护环境有机地统一起来。因此，以最少的能耗，创造健康、舒适的室内环境，并保护大气环境， 这也正是新型建筑对暖通专业的要求。暖通空调设备是一个庞大而复杂的系统工程，作为专业的暖通技术人员，必须严格把握好每道工序，保证建筑物的暖通系统正常使用。
      本书主要内容包括：暖通空调系统、暖通空调冷热源、通风节能技术、暖通空调系统与设备控制节能、暖通空调系统的自动控制和消声隔振、暖通空调施工安装基本知识、集中供热设备施工安装工艺、通风空调工程施工安装工艺、制冷管道和设备施工安装工、通风空调及制冷系统运转调试、暖通空调系统防腐与保温。
     本书可作为从事暖通工程造价及相关工作人员的常备工具书和培训用书，也可供职业院校相关专业的师生参考使用。
     本书在编写过程中参阅和借鉴了许多优秀书籍和有关国家标准，并得到了相关工作人员的帮助，在此一并  致谢。由于作者的学识和经验有限，编者虽尽心尽力，但书中仍难免存在疏漏或未尽之处，敬请有关专家和读者予以批评指正。