With the rapid development of the city and the transitional development of resources, it will inevitably bring serious problems such as environmental pollution, energy shortage, traffic congestion and water shortage. A large number of civil engineering projects have sprung up. Every day, a large area of good farmland is replaced by reinforced concrete, and can not be regenerated. The contradiction between living, transportation and environment is becoming increasingly prominent. “Sustainable development” is put forward as a national policy in front of every discipline and industry. Civil engineering circles also comply with the trend of leaving more living soil on the ground for agriculture and the environment, making underground space a safe and comfortable second space for human beings on the earth. People have to ask for living space underground to relieve the pressure brought by the shortage of land resources. Therefore, the 21st century will be the development century of underground space.

  The international community has proposed that “the 21st century should be the era for human beings to develop and utilize underground space”, while Japan has proposed to utilize underground space and expand its territory several times. China has also begun to pay attention to the legislative work of underground space utilization, and various regions have begun to carry out the development and planning of underground space. Due to the scarcity of land resources, the increasing pressure of population and the principle of sustainable development of human beings, the 21st century will usher in a new century of global underground space development. At present, it has entered the rapid development stage of underground engineering construction. Because of its particularity, underground engineering construction is a high-risk construction project, so the majority of civil engineers need to sum up and draw lessons from the past underground engineering construction, so that underground engineering facilities can really benefit the people.

前 言

随着城市的快速发展，资源的过渡开发，必然会带来环境污染、能源紧张、交通拥挤和水资源短缺等严重问题，大量的土建工程拔地而起，每天都看到大片良田被钢筋混凝士所取代，并且无法再生，居住、交通、环境的矛盾日益突出。“可持续发展”作为国策提出，摆在每个学科、每个产业的面前，土木工程界也顺应潮流把地面活土多留点给农业和环境，使地下空间成为人类在地球上安全舒适的第二个空间，人们不得不向地下要生存空间，以缓解土地资源紧张而带来的压力。为此，二十一世纪将成为地下空间的发展世纪。
      国际上已提出把“二十一世纪作为人类开发利用地下空间的年代”，日本提出要利用地下空间，把国土扩大数倍。中国也开始重视地下空间利用的立法工作，各地区已开始进行地下空间的开发规划； 由于土地资源的稀缺， 人口压力的不断增大，地下工程又符合人类可持续发展的原则， 因此 21 世纪将迎来全球地下空间开发的新世纪。 目前已经进入了地下工程建设的飞速发展阶段。 地下工程建设由于其特殊性，属于高风险的建设项目，因此需要广大土木工程师们多总结和吸取以往地下工程建设中的经验和教训，使地下工程设施起到真正造福于民的作用。

Urban road is an important part of urban life, which is closely related to the daily activities of urban residents. The ideal road not only meets the needs of transportation and travel, but also brings people the feeling of beauty. In order to ensure the reasonable and orderly sustainable development of urban traffic, we must start from the internal
mechanism of urban traffic system and its interaction with external environmental conditions to carry out reasonable traffic management planning. Specifically speaking, we should solve the problem from the aspects of supply and demand from the three levels of urban structure and land use, urban traffic structure, and the improvement and full utilization of urban traffic network. Therefore, road traffic management is an important part of urban master plan. It is necessary to plan urban road traffic management. The compilation and implementation of urban road traffic management planning is conducive to improving the overall management and civilization level of China’s cities and adapting to the sustainable development of national economy and the whole society. 

  Urban road traffic is a systematic project. Improving road design can only improve the conditions of road traffic from one aspect, but it can not fundamentally solve the current situation of urban road traffic in China. Therefore, while improving the road design, a series of measures should be taken to ensure that the whole urban road traffic system is in a healthy state of development.

前 言

城市道路是城市生活的重要组成部分，与城市居民的日常活动息息相关。理想的道路在满足交通运输和出行需要的同时，还会带给人们美的感受。为了保证城市交通合理、有序的可持续性发展。必须从城市交通系统的内在机制及其与外部环境条件之间的相互作用关系出发来进行合理的交通管理规划。具体而言，应从城市结构与土地利用、城市交通结构、城市交通网络的完善与充分利用三个层次，从供给和需求方面解决问题。因此，道路交通管理工作是城市总体规划中重要的环节。城市道路交通管理规划也就显得十分必要而之切。而城市道路交通管理规划的编制与实施，有利于提高我国城市整体管理与文明水平，适应国民经济和整个社会可持续发展。
      城市道路交通是一个系统工程，完善道路设计只能从一个方面改善道路交通的条件，但不能从根本上解决我国城市道路交通的现状。因此，在完善道路设计的同时， 应采取一系列措施， 确保整个城市道路交通系统处于一个健康的发展状态之中。

Energy sources is the basis for developing economic, improving the living standards and making civilization progressing. Through the large-scale use of energy, human beings have met the needs of development of society and improvement of living standards. However, the pollutants discharged in the process of energy utilization(such as dust, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrocarbon, microparticle and greenhouse gases) are rapidly destroying the ecological balance of the earth and the living environment of human beings.
  Electric power industry is the basic industry of national economy, with the rapid development of social economic, the demand for electric power keeps increasing. As the basic equipment of energy conversion in thermal power plant, the power station boiler has undergone great changes in equipment and operation technology. The safety, economy, environmental protection property and the degree of automation have been improved continuously.
  The use of large capacity and supercritical parameter in fire power generator is an effective way to improve the economic efficiency of generator set, which has been widely used by advanced countries, around the world, and China will also take the supercritical unit as a key to the construction of thermal power generating unit in the future. With the rapid development of national economy and the improvement of people's living standards, our electric power industry is also developing at an unprecedented speed, at present, a number of domestic supercritical units have been put into operation or under construction. This marks the manufacturing and operating levels of thermal power generation equipment has entered a new stage, therefore, accelerating the research on the key technologies in the manufacturing and operating the supercritical power units has become a realistic and glorious task for China's power workers.

前 言

能源是人类经济发展、生活水平提高、文明进步的基础。人类通过对能源的大规模的利用，满足了社会不断发展和生活水平不断提高的需要。但能源利用过程中排放的污染物（粉尘、二氧化硫、氧化氮，碳氢化合物、微颗粒、温室气体等）也正在急剧破坏着地球的生态平衡和人类自身的生存环境。
        电力工业是国民经济的基础产业，随着社会经济的快速发展，电力需求不断增长。电厂锅炉作为火电厂能量转换的基础设备，在设备及运行技术方面也发生了巨大的变化。锅炉运行的安全性、经济性、环保性和自动化程度都得到了不断的改善。

火力发电机组采用大容量和超临界参数是提高发电机组经济性的有效途径，已经被世界先进国家所广泛采用，我国也将超临界机组作为今后一个时期火电机组建设的重点之一。随着国民经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国电力工业也正在以前所未有的速度发展，目前，一批国产超临界机组已经投产或正在兴建。这标志着我国火力发电设备的制造和运行水平都进入了一个新阶段，因此加快研究超临界机组制造和运行中的关键技术也就成了我国动力工作者面临一项极具现实意义的光荣任务。

The 21st century is an important stage of China’s national economic development, and also a key period to comprehensively promote the new leap forward development of transportation. According to the basic national conditions of our country, the Ministry of Transportation has put forward the grand blueprint of transportation development. The Ministry of Transportation proposes that by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan, China’s national expressway network will be basically completed, with a total mileage of 108000 km, covering more than 90% of the urban population of more than 200000. In terms of highway transportation, we should comprehensively improve the highway network planning, promote the planning and construction of the national highway network, form a trunk highway network system with clear levels, perfect functions, clear rights and responsibilities, focus on the construction of national highways, implement the transformation of national and provincial highways, and continue to promote the construction of rural highways. The scale of the highway network has been further expanded, and the technical quality has been significantly improved. The total mileage of highways has reached 4.5 million km, the mileage of class II and above highways has reached 650000 km, and the overall technical conditions of national and provincial highways have reached a good level. Thus, highway engineering construction is still an important economic construction needs.

  The 21st century is an important stage of China’s national economic development, and also a key period to comprehensively promote the new leap forward development of transportation. According to the basic national conditions of our country, the Ministry of Transportation has put forward the grand blueprint of transportation development. The Ministry of Transportation proposes that by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan, China’s national expressway network will be basically completed, with a total mileage of 108000 km, covering more than 90% of the urban population of more than 200000. In terms of highway transportation, we should comprehensively improve the highway network planning, promote the planning and construction of the national highway network, form a trunk highway network system with clear levels, perfect functions, clear rights and responsibilities, focus on the construction of national highways, implement the transformation of national and provincial highways, and continue to promote the construction of rural highways. The scale of the highway network has been further expanded, and the technical quality has been significantly improved. The total mileage of highways has reached 4.5 million km, the mileage of class II and above highways has reached 650000 km, and the overall technical conditions of national and provincial highways have reached a good level. Thus, highway engineering construction is still an important economic construction needs.

前 言

进入 21 世纪， 这是我国国民经济发展的重要阶段， 也是全面推进交通新的跨越式发展的关键时期。 根据我国的基本国情， 交通运输部提出了交通发展的宏伟蓝图。交通运输部提出：“十二五”末，我国国家高速公路网将基本建成，高速公路总里程达到 10.8 万公里，届时将覆盖 90%以上的 20 万以上城镇人口城市。在公路交通方面，要全面完善公路网规划，推进国家公路网规划建设，形成层次清晰、功能完善、权责分明的干线公路网络系统，重点建设国家高速公路，实施国道与省道改造，继续推进农村公路建设。公路网规模进一步扩大，技术质量明显提升，公路总里程达到 450 万公里，二级及以上公路里程达到 65 万公里，国道、省道总体技术状况达到良好水平。由此可见，公路工程施工仍然是一项重要经济建设需要。
      工程实践证明，公路工程的质量如何，关键在于提高设计和施工的质量，其中最重要的是保证所用材料的质量和工程施工质量，因此，公路工程的材料检测和严把施工质量关，是确保工程质量的重要环节。我们根据我国公路工程建设的实际和教学、工作中的经验，参考有关技术资料编写了本书，希望能给读者提供参考和建设性意见。

      Urban public transportation is mass transportation. It is the necessary public infrastructure for urban production and life. It is an important link to prosper urban economy and improve residents’ life. It is also the window of urban spiritual civilization. It serves the public and is a people-oriented transportation system. With the development of economy and society, the diversity of people’s travel demand is more obvious. The development of ordinary public transport system has been unable to meet the needs of current urban passengers, so we must develop a variety of public transport systems such as large capacity and BRT to meet their diverse needs. In addition, with the development of urban-rural economic integration and the realization of economic policies such as urban guiding rural development, urban radiation transportation and urban-rural integration transportation also need to be included in urban transportation planning, which makes urban public transportation system planning need more comprehensive theoretical guidance. Based on this purpose, this book is compiled.
    Urban public transport planning is one of the important professional basic courses for transportation majors. This course plays an important role in correctly understanding the principles of public transport planning and guiding practical work for students of transportation majors. It also lays a foundation for understanding and learning other professional courses.

前 言

        城市公共交通是大众交通，它是城市生产和生活所必需的公共基础设施，是繁荣城市经济和改善居民生活的重要环节， 是城市精神文明的窗口。 它面向大众服务，是以人为本的交通系统。随着经济社会的发展，人们出行需求的多样性体现得更加明显，普通公共交通系统发展已经不能满足目前城市旅客的需求，使得我们必须发展大容量、快速公交等多样的公共交通系统来满足其多样性的需求。另外，随着城乡经济一体化的发展，城市引导农村发展等经济政策的实现，也需要我们把城市辐射交通、城乡一体化交通列入城市交通规划的内容，这使得对城市公共交通系统规划需要有更加全面的理论来指导，基于此目的编写了本书。
        城市公共交通规划是交通运输类专业的重要专业基础课之一，本课程对交通运输类专业的学生正确认识公共交通规划原理并用以指导实际工作具有重要的作用，同时也为了解和学习其他专业课奠定基础。