As a complete discipline, journalism is a social science that studies the nature all news phenomena, reveals the law behind the news activities and solves the universal and fundamental problems of journalism. As an independent and complete discipline system, this book mainly introduces the basic theory of the journalism system, studies and explains the basic laws of news communication. As for the applied courses of journalism, they reveal the specific laws of the operational levels or technical links of news communication. To learn the basic theory of journalism and to be familiar with the basic laws of news communication is the basis of learning other courses of journalism as well as the important premise to correctly analyze news phenomenon and effectively guide news practice.
      Relying on the Internet, various kinds of new media appear in people’s daily life in various forms, which greatly changes people’s life scenes and their perception of media and the media-centered lifestyle has become an indisputable fact. In view of this situation, newspapers, magazines, radio, television and other traditional media have to either strengthen themselves or adapt to the changes caused by new situation. In a word, the forms of media have been transformed in the ways of integration or innovation and change. Digital technology, represented by the Internet, has become an important force in shaping the news industry. It not only puts the industry into hot water but also brings the opportunities for future development. News industry actively or passively starts the innovation of new products in order to get out the predicament, look for new direction and path of development. The consequences of news innovation have both economic and social significance. The success and failure of innovation is not only related to the current situation of journalism, but also determines the future of news industry. The emergence of news innovation has triggered the rise of the research of news innovation. Because of the limited experience of the editor, there may be some deficiencies in this book. Readers are welcome to give criticism and correction.

前 言

新闻学作为一个完整的学科，是研究全部新闻现象的本质、揭示新闻活动的规律、解决新闻事业的普遍性和根本性问题的一门社会科学。而作为一门独立完整的学科体系的构成，本文主要讲解新闻学体系中的基础理论部分，研究和阐述的是新闻传播的基本规律；而新闻学的应用性课程，则揭示的是新闻传播的各个操作层面或者技术环节的具体规律。学好新闻学的基础理论，熟悉新闻传播的基本规律，是学好新闻专业其他课程的基础，也是正确分析新闻现象和有效指导新闻实践的重要前提。
       以互联网为依托，各种新兴的媒介形式以种类繁多的样态出现在人们的日常生活之中，大大地改变了人们的生活场景和对于媒介的感知，媒介化生存已经成为不争的事实。针对这种情况，报纸、杂志、广播、电视等传统的媒介，或者加强自身的塑造，或者适应新的情境的变化，总之媒介的样态以融合或者求新求变的形式也进行了诸多的改造。以互联网为代表的数字技术已经成为形塑新闻业的重要力量，它使新闻业陷入困境的同时，也为未来的发展带来机遇。新闻业主动或被动地启动创新过程研发创新产品以应对困境，寻找新的发展方向和路径。新闻创新的后果不仅具有经济层面的意义，也具有社会层面的意义。创新的成败不仅与新闻业当下的处境有关，也决定着新闻业的未来。新闻创新现象的涌现又引发了新闻创新研究的兴起。由于编者经验不足，本文可能会出现错漏，望广大读者给予批评指正。

With the continuous update and popularization of network technology, new media has become a landscape that can not be ignored in today’s world. Although the Internet is only 40 years old since its birth, apanet, which was first established by Americans in 1969, only connects four hosts. But nowadays, various new media devices such as personal computers, smart phones, readers, smart watches, smart glasses and other new media devices have been widely used and popularized all over the world, playing an increasingly important role in modern social life.
    Whether it is in the crowded portal website, or in the social networking site where everyone has a microphone, whether it is to spread information, express oneself, or study, work, entertainment and leisure, the “flat world” constructed by the Internet has deeply changed the world’s politics, economy, military, culture, science and technology, media and many other fields. It also provides a new way of interaction, life style and even thinking mode for the individuals of the Internet all over the world.
    As far as China is concerned, in June 2006, the number of Internet users in China surpassed that of the United States, becoming the country with the largest number of Internet users in the world. As of June 2015, the number of Internet users in China reached 668 million, with the Internet penetration rate of 48.8%, including 594 million mobile Internet users. With the characteristics of massive information, interactive communication, cross space communication, anytime and anywhere connectivity, the Internet has become the digital lifestyle of nearly 50% of Chinese people, and has become one of the biggest mutagenic factors affecting today’s Chinese society, including the field of news communication.
    The author has consulted many references and finally completed this book. Here, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the author of this book. In addition, due to the limited time and energy of the author and the lack of knowledge reserve, there will inevitably be deficiencies in the book. Readers and colleagues are invited to give criticism and correction.

前 言

随着网络技术的不断更新与普及，新媒体成为当今世界发展变革图景中一道不可忽视的风景线。 虽然互联网诞生至今不过四十余年， 1969 年美国人最早创建的阿帕网仅仅连接了四台主机，但如今个人电脑、智能手机、阅读器、智能手表、智能眼镜等各式各样的新媒体设备已在全球得到了广泛的应用与普及，在现代社会生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
      无论是在人流如梭的门户网站， 还是在人以群分、 人人都有麦克风的社交网站，无论是传播信息、表达自我，还是学习工作、娱乐休闲，互联网构筑起的“平的世界”深深地改变着世界的政治、经济、军事、文化、科技、传媒等诸多领域，也为全世界互联网的个体提供了一种全新的互动方式、生活方式乃至思维方式。
     就中国而言， 2006 年 6 月中国的网民规模就超过了美国，成为全球网民人数最多的国家，截至 2015 年 6 月，中国网民规模达 6.68 亿，互联网普及率为 48. 8%，其中手机网民规模达 5.94 亿。海量的信息、交互的沟通、跨时空的传播、随时随地的联通等特点使互联网成为近五成中国民众的数字化生活方式，也成为影响当今中国社会包括新闻传播领域最大的致变性因素之一。
     笔者查阅了多篇参考文献终于完成此书，在此给予文献作者最真诚的感谢。此外，由于笔者的时间和精力有限、知识储备有所欠缺，书中难免会存在不足之处，敬请各位读者及广大同行给予批评指正。

With the rapid development of social economy, the impact of water conservancy projects on the economy is more and more significant. Therefore, the design and construction of water conservancy projects not only need to consider the use of the project, but also need to consider many other aspects of privacy. After the completion of the water conservancy project construction, we should also consider the impact of the operation of the water conservancy project on the ecological environment and the combination of humanities and art. Water conservancy projects should be designed according to the principle of people-oriented and natural harmony, and reflect the corresponding culture to meet the requirements of cultural display and natural coordination. More and more attention has been paid to high quality water conservancy construction.
    This paper discusses the hydrology of water conservancy project, planning and design of water conservancy project, hydraulic structure, water conservancy project construction, etc. Finally, the construction organization design and quality inspection of water conservancy project are explained.

前 言

随着社会经济的飞速发展，水利工程对经济的影响越来越显著，因此，水利工程的设计和建设不仅要考虑工程的用途，还需要考虑很多其他方面的隐私，在水利工程施工完成后，还要考虑水利工程的运行对生态环境的影响以及人文艺术的结合等方面。水利工程应根据以人为本与自然和谐原则去设计，并且要反映出相应的文化，以满足文化展示和自然协调的要求。创造合理布局、全面规划的水利工程以适应现代社会对水利工程的发展需求。高质量的水利工程建筑越来越受到重视。
       本文论述了水利工程水文、水利工程规划与设计、水工建筑物、水利工程施工等内容。最后对水利工程的施工组织设计和质量检测进行讲解。

Water is an important component of nature, the source of life, an indispensable important resource for human life and social development, and the most active element in the ecological environment. Affected by climate, water resources in China are unevenly distributed in time and space. The water quantity in different regions, different years in the same area, and in flood season and dry season vary greatly, which leads to the contradiction between water supply and water consumption. In order to solve this contradiction, reallocate water resources in time and region, store flood and make up for shortage with abundant water, eliminate flood and drought disasters, develop irrigation, power generation and water supply, shipping, breeding and tourism, and maintain ecological environment, all departments of the national economy need to build water storage, water diversion, water lifting or inter basin water transfer projects according to local conditions so as to reasonably develop, utilize and protect water resources. This determines the basic position and important role of water conservancy projects in the national economy. As one of the oldest projects in the history of human civilization, water conservancy project has always made an important contribution to human society. Water conservancy project has the characteristics of large scale, strong risk and high complexity. The success of its construction not only has a great impact on social economy, but also has an immeasurable impact on people’s life and property.
    Water conservancy is not only related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, but also to people’s life and property safety. Water conservancy projects are generally characterized by large investment scale, long construction period, high quality standards and complex management. In today’s great development of water conservancy, actively promoting the application of project management in water conservancy project construction is conducive to giving full play to the advantages of project management, scale construction project management, saving project construction cost and improving project construction efficiency, which has very important practical significance.

前 言

水是大自然的重要组成物质，是生命的源泉，是人类生活和社会发展不可缺少的重要资源，也是生态环境中最活跃的要素。我国水资源受气候影响，在时间、空间上分布不均匀，不同地区之间，同一地区不同年份之间以及年内汛期和枯水期的水量相差很大，导致来水和用水之间不相适应的矛盾频频发生。国民经济各部门为了解决这一矛盾，实现水资源在时间、地区上的重新分配，做到蓄洪补枯、以丰补缺，消除水旱灾害，发展灌溉、发电供水、航运、养殖旅游和维持生态环境等事业，都需要因地制宜地修建蓄水、引水、提水或跨流域调水工程，以使水资源得到合理的开发、利用和保护。这决定了水利工程在国民经济中的基础地位和重要作用。水利工程作为人类文明史上最古老的工程项目之一，一直对人类社会做出了重要的贡献，水利工程具有规模大、风险强、复杂度高等特征，其建设的成功与否不仅对社会经济产生较大影响，对人们的生命财产也具有不可估量的影响作用。
      水利事业关系国计民生， 关乎老百姓的日常生活， 更关乎百姓的生命财产安全。水利工程项目一般都具有投资规模大、建设周期长、质量标准要求高、管理复杂等特点，在大力推进水利事业大发展的今天，积极推进项目管理在水利工程建设中的应用，有利于充分发挥项目管理的优势，规模建设项目管理、节约项目建设成本、提高项目建设效率，具有十分重要的现实意义。

Construction project, namely capital construction project, refers to a one-time construction task with fixed assets as specific target through decision-making, survey, design, construction, completion, acceptance and use under certain conditions and in accordance with a scientific procedure. According to their functions and functions, water conservancy infrastructure projects can be divided into three categories: public welfare, quasi public welfare and operational. Public welfare projects refer to the water conservancy projects with social public welfare management and service functions such as flood control, waterlogging drainage, drought resistance and water resources management, and can not get corresponding economic returns by themselves, such as Dike Works, river training works, safety construction of flood storage and detention areas, waterlogging control, soil and water conservation, ecological construction, water resources protection, drinking water for people and livestock in poor areas, flood control communication, hydrological facilities, etc.
    In the field of engineering construction, it is an important reform measure to carry out the project legal person responsibility system, bidding system and construction supervision system in the field of engineering construction in China. The three systems have greatly improved the quality of construction projects and standardized the construction behavior. After years of practice, the construction supervision system is also rapidly tending to be standardized, institutionalized and scientific. 

    Construction supervision refers to the management of the project construction implemented by the construction supervision unit under the entrustment of the project legal person in accordance with the national laws and regulations on engineering construction and the approved project construction documents, engineering construction
contract and engineering construction supervision contract. Construction supervision system is a scientific system of construction management which is carried out in our country with the project legal person responsibility system and bidding system. With its implementation, the management system of construction projects in China has changed from the traditional small production management mode of self financing, self construction and self management to the socialized, specialized and modern management mode. Due to the long-term nature and complexity of water conservancy project construction and the late start of supervision system in China, there are some problems in the actual supervision work.
    Due to the limited level of the editor, it is inevitable that there is something wrong with it. The author sincerely hopes that all experts and colleagues can criticize and correct it so that we can supplement and improve it in time when we reprint it.

前 言

建设项目即基本建设项目，是指将一定量限以上的投资，在一定的条件下，按照一个科学的程序，经过决策和勘察、设计、施工、竣工、验收使用，最终形成固定资产特定目标的一次性建设任务。水利基本建设项目按其功能和作用分为公益性、准公益性、经营性三类。公益性项目指具有防洪、排涝、抗旱和水资源管理等社会公益性管理与服务功能，自身无法得到相应经济回报的水利项目，如堤防工程，河道整治工程，蓄滞洪区安全建设、除涝、水土保持、生态建设、水资源保护、贫困地区人畜饮水、防汛通信、水文设施等。
       在工程建设领域推行项目法人责任制、招标投标制、建设监理制三项制度，是我国工程建设领域的一项重大改革举措， 三项制度大大提高了我国建设工程的质量，规范了工程建设行为。经过多年的实践，建设监理制这项制度也快速趋向规范化、制度化和科学化。
       建设监理是指建设监理单位受项目法人的委托，依据国家有关工程建设的法律、法规和批准的项目建设文件，工程建设合同及工程建设监理合同，对工程建设实行的管理。建设监理制是我国实行项目法人责任制、招标投标制而配套推行的一项建设管理的科学制度。 它的推行， 使我国的工程建设项目管理体制由传统的自筹、自建。自管的小生产管理模式，开始向社会化、专业化、现代化的管理模式转变。由于水利工程建设的长期性、复杂性，加之我国监理制度起步较晚，因此在实际监理工作中也存在这样一定的问题。
       由于编者水平有限，不妥之处在所难免，恳请各位专家、同行批评指正，以便我们再版时能进行及时补充和完善。