In recent years, with the progress and development of economy and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, our demand for material and environment is increasing, and human beings pay more attention to environmental protection. Environmental pollution has a serious impact on the ecological construction of our city and country. In the development and progress of our country, ecological urban construction has become a trend. The protection and reasonable planning of ecological system plays an important role in the national ecological construction. This book focuses on the ecological construction and development prospects of urban and rural areas.
       The main contents of this book are: to carry out in-depth study on domestic and foreign ecological construction projects of urban and rural areas, so as to plan ecological resources more reasonably combined with experience, and understand the main purpose and core idea of ecological construction city; the main influence of environmental pollution on ecological construction is discussed in detail; the concept, development pattern and nature of urban landscape; the impact of urban construction on the environment, the urban planning principles of ecosystem; to understand the concept and ultimate goal of urban ecology, so as to make reasonable planning; the standard of urban ecological construction land and the overall planning and layout scheme and compilation system; the planning and layout of the city’s industry, transportation, storage and road system is an important factor in the city’s composition.

前 言

近年来，伴随着经济的进步与发展，人们生活水平的不断提升，我们对于物质与环境的需求日益增加，人类对于环境的保护更加重视。环境的污染对于我们赖以生存的城市与国家在生态化建设上有着严重的影响。在国家的发展进步中，生态化的城市建设已经成为一种趋势，生态系统的保护与合理规划对国家的生态建设有着重要作用。本书主要针对城乡生态化建设与发展前景进行深入的研究与探讨。
       本书的主要内容是：对于国内外的城乡生态化建设项目进行深入研究，从而结合经验更加合理的规划生态资源，明白生态化建设城市的主要目的及核心思想；环境污染对于生态化建设的主要影响，对于环境污染的各种因素进行详细探讨；城市景观的概念与发展格局、性质；城市的建设对于环境的影响，生态系统的城市规划原则；明白城市生态化的概念与最终目的，从而进行合理规划；城市生态化建设用地的标准以及总体的规划布局方案与编制体系；城市的工业、交通、仓储、道路等体系的规划布置是城市构成的要因素。

Urban infrastructure construction is the basis of urban survival and development, the symbol of urban modernization level and the important foundation of national sustainable development. With the rapid development of China’s economy, the contradiction between infrastructure investment demand and government financial infrastructure investment is growing. Multiple investment, public-private cooperation, giving full play to the advantages of the government's public departments and private enterprises, and realizing the “win-win” or “{multi win” PPP mode of social welfare and enterprise economic benefits came into being. As an innovative financing mode to effectively attract private capital and technology, PPP mode has been developing rapidly in China in recent ten years. PPP, as a new project financing mode, risk control is the core issue of project financing. Due to the large number of participants and different preferences for risks, the financing risk allocation agreement is complex. How to effectively allocate the risks among the participants and establish the risk sharing mode framework of Urban Infrastructure PPP projects to guide the reasonable risk sharing and benefit allocation of PPP projects is the key to ensure the success of the project.
     Infrastructure plays an important role in national economic and social development. Both developed and developing countries are actively accelerating the construction of public facilities in order to increase national competitiveness. Based on the externality of public facilities, the public sector has traditionally assumed the responsibility of providing public facilities directly. However, in the face of the growing demand for public services, due to the shortage of funds and the lack of long-term and effective management, governments of various countries have turned to rethink the rationality and feasibility of providing infrastructure construction and operation by private sector. Infrastructure has changed from traditional government provision to market supply. BOT, boo, boot, TOT, PFI and other financing modes are playing an increasingly important role in urban infrastructure construction.
     Through the cooperation between the government and the private sector, the public-private partnership can jointly develop infrastructure, realize the expected interests of all parties involved, and share the responsibility and financing risk. Because PPP mode can provide public services with higher quality and higher efficiency, it has attracted the attention of theoretical and industrial circles.
    The application of PPP model in the world has become a trend. Many countries have established central institutions to manage and coordinate these projects. The World Bank estimates that 40% of total infrastructure investment in developing countries is provided by the private sector. The policy of promoting public construction with PPP mode has become a new way for all countries to compete.

前 言

城市基础设施建设是城市生存和发展的基础，是城市现代化水平的标志，是国家可持续发展的重要基础。 随着我国经济的快速发展,基础设施投资需求与政府财政基础设施投资之间的矛盾日益增长。多元投资，公私合作，发挥政府公共部和民营企业各自的禀赋优势，实现社会福利和企业经济效益的“双赢”或“多赢”的 PPP模式应运而生。 PPP 模式作为一种有效吸引私人资金和技术的创新性融资模式也于近十几年开始在我国迅速发展起来， PPP 作为一种新型的项目融资模式，风险控制是项目融资的核心问题，由于参与方众多，且对风险有不同的偏好，融资风险分配协议复杂，如何将风险在各参与方之间进行有效分配，建立城市基础设施 PPP 项目风险分担的模式框架，以指导 PPP 项目的风险分担和利益分配合理，是确保项目取得成功的关键。
       基础设施在国民经济和社会发展中起着重要的作用， 不论是发达国家,还是发展中国家，都积极加速公共设施建设，以期增加国家竞争力。基于公共设施的外部性，传统上,公共部门义无反顾地承担起直接提供公共设施的责任。然而，面对日趋增长的公共服务需求，政府部门由于资金紧缺，缺乏长期而有效的经营管理,各国政府转而重新思考由私营机构参与提供基础设施建设和运营的合理性和可行性。基础设施由传统上的政府提供转向市场供应， BOT、 BOO、 BOOT、 TOT、 PFI 等多种融资模式在城市基础设施建设中发挥出越来越重要的作用。
        公私合作模式通过政府与私营部门的合作共同发展基础设施，实现参与各方的预期利益，同时共同承担责任和融资风险。由于 PPP 模式能够提供更高质量、更高效益的公共服务，从而引起了理论界和产业界的高度重视。
        PPP 模式在全世界的应用已经成为一种趋势，许多国家已经建立了中央机构来管理和协调这些项目。世界银行估计在发展中国家的基础设施总投资中有 40%是由私营机构提供的。以 PPP 模式推动公共建设的政策,遂成了各国竞相当试的新途径。

In today’s economic development, the continuous development and improvement of cities and urban systems have become an important driving force to affect and promote economic development. The development of central cities and urban systems are the key to regional economic development and competitiveness promotion. Countries in the world have achieved rapid economic development in the process of urbanization, but also in response to various problems brought about by urbanization. China has entered a period of rapid development of urbanization, which urbanization mode should be adopted in China has become one of the controversial issues in theoretical circles.
     Urban construction and development are closely related to the establishment of socialist market economic system and the promotion of coordinated economic and social development. Urban planning is an important basis and means to guide the rational development, construction and management of a city. With the continuous development of China’s economy and the further promotion of urbanization, the economy and scale of cities are developing constantly, and the importance of urban planning has become increasingly prominent. Only by integrating the consciousness of environmental and ecological protection into the whole process of urban planning and construction, and actively taking measures to ensure the implementation, can we lay the foundation and create conditions for the sustainable development of urban economy and society.
      We have embarked on the journey of the 21st century. In the new century, China’s urbanization process has moved to the stage of fast lane. With the higher requirements of urban modernization construction, various cities will inevitably encounter such and other problems in the development process. We need to constantly understand, research, explore, solve or need to carry out mutual exchanges between cities, sum up experience, pool ideas and forge ahead to make their due contribution for China’s urban development, urban and rural construction.

前 言

在当今经济的发展中，城市和城市体系的不断发展和完善成为影响和推动经济发展的重要动力，中心城市和城市体系的发展是一个区域经济发展和竞争力提升的关键。 世界各国都在城市化过程中实现了经济的快速发展,也在应对城市化所带来的各种问题,我国已进入城市化高速发展时期,我国应采取何种城市化模式成为我国理论界争论不休的问题之一。
       城市建设和发展与建立社会主义市场经济体制、促进经济和社会协调发展关系重大。 城市规划是指导城市合理发展,建设和管理城市的重要依据和手段,随着我国经济的不断发展，城市化步伐的进一步推进城市的经济、规模都在不断发展,城市规划的重要性已日益突显。只有将环境、生态保护意识融汇到城市规划建设全过程并积极采取措施加以保证付诸实施，才能为城市的经济、社会可持续发展奠定基础和创造条件。
       我们已经踏上 21 世纪的征程。 新的世纪我国城市化进程已驶向快车道阶段， 加上城市现代化建设的更高要求，各个城市在发展过程中必然会遇到这样和那样的问题，需要我们去不断认识、研究、探索、解决或者需要进行城市之间的相互交流，总结经验，集思广益，开拓前进。为我国城市发展、城乡建设事业做出自已应有的贡献。

In today’s era, with the continuous progress and development of social informatization, people’s demand for the earth’s spatial position and attribute information is increasing. In many aspects of social economy, politics, culture, environment and military affairs, it is required to provide surveying and mapping products with better accuracy, better real-time, wider range, more forms and better quality. The integration of surveying and mapping technology, computer information technology and modern communication technology provides a more systematic technology for the collection, processing, management, update, sharing and application of geospatial location and its attribute information, forming a modern information surveying and mapping technology. With the rapid development of surveying and mapping science and technology, a revolutionary change has taken place in the production process of surveying and mapping. In particular, while maintaining the characteristics of traditional products and products, with the development of information technology, the virtual visualization achievements and products that have appeared and gradually applied have expanded their application scope. Surveying and mapping science, which provides technical support for information surveying and mapping, has gradually developed into geospatial informatics.
     With the rapid development of China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization, great changes have taken place in the surveying and mapping work system. The status of surveying and mapping work is becoming more and more important. The role of surveying and mapping work in social and economic development is also growing. At the same time, the administrative management of surveying and mapping is becoming more and more important, especially the role of city and county surveying and mapping administrative management is becoming more and more prominent. As a surveying and mapping production unit and surveying and mapping practitioners, it is an important factor for their own development to comply with and adapt to the market economic order, scientifically and reasonably organize surveying and mapping production, constantly enhance their competitive strength, and provide high-quality surveying and mapping products for economic construction. Therefore, the surveying and mapping workers must learn the knowledge of surveying and mapping management and strengthen the awareness of legal system, so as to enter the surveying and mapping market and engage in surveying and mapping work according to law.

前 言

当今时代，社会信息化的不断进步和发展，人们对地球空间位置及其属性信息的需求不断增加，社会经济、政治、文化、环境及军事等众多方面，要求提供精度满足需要，实时性更好、范围更大、形式更多、质量更好的测绘产品。而测绘技术、计算机信息技术和现代通信技术等多种技术集成，对地理空间位置及其属性信息的采集、处理、管理、更新、共享和应用等方面提供了更系统的技术，形成了现代信息化测绘技术。 测绘科学技术的迅速发展， 促使测绘生产流程发生了革命性的变化，多样化测绘成果和产品正不断努力满足多方面需求。特别是在保持传统成果和产品特性的同时，伴随信息技术的发展，已经出现并逐步展开应用的虚拟可视化成果和产品又极好地扩大了应用面。提供对信息化测绘技术支持的测绘科学已逐渐发展成为地球空间信息学。
       随着我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业的快速发展，测绘工作体制也发生了很大变化，测绘工作的地位越来越重要，测绘工作在社会经济发展中的作用也越来越大，同时也使得测绘行政管理工作越来越重要，尤其是市、县测绘行政管理工作的作用越来越突出。作为测绘生产单位和测绘从业者，遵从并适应市场经济秩序，科学合理地组织好测绘生产，不断增强自身竞争实力，为经济建设提供优质的测绘产品，是自身发展的重要因素。因此，测绘工作者必须学好测绘管理知识，加强法制意识，以便规范地进入测绘市场，依法从事测绘工作。

Safety work involves all walks of life and thousands of families, and is closely related to economic development, social stability and people’s living and working in peace and contentment. Only when the whole society popularizes safety regulations and scientific and technological knowledge, improve the safety awareness of the whole people, and enhance the prevention ability of the whole people, can the fire hazards be effectively prevented and reduced. Fire safety is a scientific, technical, mass and professional work. The legal representatives of social units, fire safety management personnel and operators of special types of work should not only have higher ideological awareness and cultivation, but also have better fire safety management quality and technical level. The improvement of management quality and technical level requires fire safety technical knowledge as the basis. Therefore, we should do a good job in the fire safety work of government organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions. In addition to mastering the necessary knowledge of fire safety management, the legal representative, fire safety management personnel and operators of key types of fire control work of the unit must also learn and master the basic fire prevention and fire extinguishing technical knowledge such as fire combustion principle, material and production process, fire hazard category, dangerous goods, production process, production equipment, electrical, building, fire-fighting facilities and so on. Only by mastering these basic knowledge can we lay a foundation for the improvement of fire safety management quality and technical level, and provide specific methods and measures for solving practical problems in fire safety management. As far as the legal representative of an enterprise is concerned, he can change the passive leadership into the active leadership and manage the fire safety work of the unit with a definite aim.
    This paper mainly starts from the basic knowledge of fire protection, through the clear division of labor among individuals, units and society, so as to achieve the orderly face of fire and improve the vigilance of the whole society.

前 言

安全工作涉及各行各业、千家万户，与经济发展、社会稳定和人民群众安居乐业密切相关。只有全社会普及安全法规和科技知识，提高全民安全意识,增强全民防范能力，才能有效地预防和减少火灾的危害。消防安全工作是一项科学性、技术性、群众性和专业性都很强的工作。社会单位的法定代表人、消防安全管理人员以及特殊工种操作人员等,不仅要有较高的思想觉悟和修养,还必须具有较好的消防安全管理素质和技术水平， 而管理素质和技术水平的提高需要有消防安全技术知识做基础。 所以，要把机关、团体、企业、事业单位的消防安全工作做好，单位的法定代表人、消防安全管理人员以及消防重点工种操作人员等,除应掌握必要的消防安全管理知识外，还必须要学习和掌握火灾燃烧原理、物料和生产工艺的火灾危险性类别、危险品物品、生产过程、生产设备、电气、建筑和消防设施等基本防火、灭火技术知识。只有掌握
了这些基本知识，才能为消防安全管理素质和技术水平的提高打下基础，才能为消防安全管理中实际问题的解决提供具体的方法和措施;对企业法定代表人来讲，才能变被动领导为主动领导，才能有的放矢地管理好本单位的消防安全工作。
       本文主要是从基础消防知识入手，通过将个人、单位、社会进行明确的分工，以此达到面对火灾时的井井有条，提高整个社会的警惕。