The construction of water conservancy project is the work of building water conservancy project according to the requirements of engineering structure, quantity, quality, progress and cost proposed by the design. The application, operation, maintenance and protection of water conservancy project is an important part of water conservancy project management. After the completion of water conservancy project, effective management is necessary to achieve the expected effect and verify the correctness of original planning and design; the basic task of project management is to maintain the integrity and safety of engineering buildings and equipment, and make them in good technical condition; in order to control, regulate, distribute and use water resources, we should correctly use water conservancy engineering equipment, and give full play to the benefits of flood control, irrigation and water supply, drainage, power generation, shipping and environmental protection. Doing well in the construction and management of water conservancy project is a powerful guarantee for the function of the project.
    Due to the vast territory of our country, the natural conditions in different regions are very different, and the structures of water conservancy projects are changeable. Due to the restriction of hydrometeorological conditions, the construction of water conservancy projects is seasonal; due to the complex terrain and geological conditions, many projects are located in remote mountainous areas, and the transportation is inconvenient. Therefore, it is of great significance and role to ensure the quality of the project, shorten the construction period, reduce the project cost and improve the project efficiency.
    Due to the limited experience of the editor, there are inevitably shortcomings anderrors in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

水利工程施工是按照设计提出的工程结构、数量、质量、进度及造价等要求修建水利工程的工作。水利工程的运用、操作、维修和保护工作，是水利工程管理的重要组成部分，水利工程建成后，必须通过有效的管理，才能实现预期的效果和验证原来规划、 设计的正确性； 工程管理的基本任务是保持工程建筑物和设备的完整、安全，使其处于良好的技术状况；正确运用水利工程设备，以控制、调节、分配、使用水资源，充分发挥其防洪、灌溉供水、排水、发电、航运、环境保护等效益。做好水利工程的施工与管理是发挥工程功能的鸟之两翼、车之双轮。
       由于我国幅员辽阔， 各地区自然条件差异甚大， 水利工程枢纽建筑物千变万化。水利工程建设中由于受水文气象条件制约，施工季节性强；因地形地质条件复杂，工程又多地处偏远山区，交通运输不便，其工程困难极多。因此认真做好水利工程设计，对保证工程质量、缩短建设周期、降低工程造价和提高工程效益等都有十分重要的意义和作用。
       由于编者的经验有限， 书中难免存在缺点和错误， 敬请各位读者给子批评和指正。

With the development of economy and the progress of society, the civilization level of human life is constantly improving. Today, a variety of interior decoration materials and household appliances have entered thousands of households. People’s work, study, entertainment and other activities have turned to indoor. This makes more and more people gradually away from the natural environment, more time is spent indoors, especially in the small environment of the family. Therefore, the relationship between indoor microclimate, microclimate and people’s health is more close and more important.
    Indoor environmental problems involve thousands of households, indoor air quality will directly affect people’s health. In recent years, due to the indoor decoration, the use of air conditioning and the increase of indoor airtightness, as well as the relatively narrow living room and other reasons, a variety of chemical substances enter the room, resulting in indoor air quality deterioration. Air containing toxic and harmful chemical pollutants and biological pollutants is recycled for many times, which results in nerve stimulation damage and immune function decline. In particular, the elderly, young, sick, disabled, pregnant and other vulnerable groups spend a long time in indoor activities, and the impact is more serious.
    The adverse consequences of indoor environmental problems to people’s health have attracted great attention of our government. In order to control indoor air pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment , National Health Commission and Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other government departments have formulated the corresponding indoor environmental quality evaluation standards, health standards and pollution control norms, monitoring and evaluating indoor air pollution, and protecting people’s health according to law. Due to the limited experience of the editor, there are inevitably mistakes in the editing of this book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

随着经济的发展和社会的进步，人类生活的文明程度不断提高。如今，各种室内装修材料和家用电器等已走进千家万户。人们的工作、学习、娱乐等活动不少都已转向室内进行。这样就使得越来越多的人逐渐远离了自然界的大环境，更多的时间是在室内，尤其是在家庭的小环境中度过。因此，室内的小气候、小环境与人们健康的关系就显得更为密切、更为重要。
      室内环境问题涉及千家万户，室内空气质量的优劣将直接影响人们的健康。近年来由于室内装修，使用空调和居室密闭程度增加，以及居室相对狭小等原因，致使多种化学物质进入居室造成室内空气质量恶化。含有有毒有害化学污染物和生物污染物的空气多次循环使用，对人体造成刺激神经损害和免疫功能下降等后果，其事故不断发生。特别是老、幼、病、残、孕等易感人群在室内活动时间长，受到的影响更为严重。
      室内环境问题给人们的健康造成的不良后果，已引起了我国政府的高度重视。为了控制室内空气污染，国家环境保护总局、卫生部和建设部等政府部门先后制定了相应的室内环境质量评价标准、卫生规范和污染控制规范，对室内空气污染进行监测评价和监督管理，依法保护人们的健康。由于编者经验有限，在本书编辑中难免有错误之处，请予以谅解和指正。 

“Medical insurance”, “medical treatment” and “patients” are indispensable organic whole in the social medical insurance system. The medical insurance party raises the medical insurance fund and guarantees the basic medical needs of the insured when they are sick by purchasing medical services or paying fees from medical institutions. Good system design needs good execution to produce good effect. Medical institutions are the “transmission shaft” of the smooth operation of the medical insurance system, and the “foothold” of medical insurance fund payment and patients’ access to services. The management practice of medical insurance in the hospital is also the most important and difficult in the field of medical insurance management. The establishment and development of a social security system is inseparable from its political ecology and economic soil. With China’s economic development entering the new normal, the supply side structural reform is deepening. The economic structure, development mode and national governance mode are all undergoing profound changes. The sustainable development of the universal medical insurance system is facing the opportunity of releasing the reform dividend, as well as the challenges such as the shift of economic growth rate, the “pain” in the window period of reform, and the aggravation of population aging. Under the dual pressure of increasing income and expanding expenditure, the management mode of medical insurance from “controlling the demander” to “controlling the supplier” continues to be strengthened, which makes the hospital medical insurance management become the focus and difficulty of the whole medical insurance leverage.
    The top-level design method of information system provides strong technical support and strategic guarantee for the informatization of health industry. Especially in the era of mobile Internet and big data, the health information system is becoming more and more bulky, the amount of data is increasing rapidly, and the trend of information sharing and regional medical treatment is becoming more and more important.

前 言

“医保”“医疗”和“患者”是社会医疗保险制度中三者缺一不可的有机整体，医保方筹集医疗保险基金，通过向医疗机构购买医疗服务或者支付费用，在参保人员患病时保障其基本医疗需求。“徒法不足行”，好的制度设计需要好的执行才能产生好的效果，医疗机构是医疗保险体系顺畅运行的“传动轴”，是医保基金支付
和患者获得服务的“落脚点”，医疗保险在医院端的管理实践，也是医疗保险管理领域的重中之重、难中之最。一项社会保障制度的建立和发展离不开所处的政治生态和经济土壤。随着我国经济发展进入新常态，供给侧结构性改革走向深入，经济结构、发展方式、国家治理模式等都在深刻变化，全民医保制度的持续发展面临着改革紅利释放的机遇，也面临着经济增速换挡、改革窗口期“阵痛”、人口老龄化加剧等挑战，基全增收减缓与支出膨胀的双重压力，使医疗保险从“控需方”向“控供方”的管理方式继续强化转变，这更使医院医疗保险管理成为整个医保杠杆上的焦点和难点。
        信息系统顶层设计方法为卫生行业的信息化提供了有力的技术支持和战略保障。尤其是在移动互联网和大数据时代，卫生信息系统日趋庞大臃肿，数据量剧增，信息共享和区域医疗渐成趋势的大环境下，信息系统顶层设计方法显得尤为必要。

Chemistry education and application is an applied subject to study the teaching law of chemistry education and explore the teaching methods and Strategies of high school chemistry education in the new era.
    At the beginning of this book, the basic theory of chemistry education and application is discussed, including the history of chemistry education, the methods and principles of chemistry education and learning process, the consciousness of chemical application and the cultivation of various abilities in chemistry education. After that, the contents of integration and development of chemistry teaching resources in senior high school, the design and implementation of chemistry classroom education, the teaching of various chemical knowledge, the chemical experiment education, the chemical humanities education, the Internet plus basic chemistry education, the evaluation of chemical education and the practice of life teaching in rural high school chemistry are introduced.  This is a practical chemistry teaching guidance book combining theory with classroom practice.

前 言

化学教育与应用是研究化学教育教学规律，探讨新时期高中化学教育教学方法与策略的一门应用学科。
      本书开篇化学教育与应用基础理论部分探讨了化学教育史基础、化学教育与化学学习过程方法与原则、化学应用意识以及化学教育中各种能力的培养，之后分别介绍了高中化学教学资源的整合与开发、化学课堂教育的设计与实施、各类化学知识的教学、化学实验教育、化学人文教育、互联网+基础化学教育、化学教育评价与农村高中化学教学生活化的实践等内容，是一本理论与课堂实践相结合，切合实用的化学教学辅导书籍。

In today’s faster and faster pace of life, due to the pressure of work, unhealthy lifestyle and other factors, breast thyroid disease is showing a high incidence trend. It is an urgent need for people to pursue health, understand disease-related knowledge and actively promote disease rehabilitation. With the continuous improvement of modern people’s cultural level, the understanding of diseases is not limited to simple popular science books. They are often eager to understand the causes, manifestations, related examination, rehabilitation, prevention and other professional knowledge of diseases, so that they can make the best choice of actively cooperating with treatment when discovering diseases. In the recovery period of the disease, they can recover to the best state as much as possible, and they can adopt a more healthy lifestyle by understanding the relevant factors of the disease.
    Combined with the latest diagnosis and treatment technology and clinical experience of breast and thyroid diseases in recent years, this book comprehensively and systematically introduces the general situation of breast diseases, health education of breast related diseases and common diagnosis and treatment technologies, overview of thyroid diseases, health education of thyroid related diseases and common diagnosis and treatment technologies.
    This book is comprehensive, informative, specialized and practical, and has strong guidance. It is a necessary reference book for breast and thyroid surgeons, and also a must read book for young doctors. Due to the fact that the book was compiled in a short time after busy medical treatment, teaching and scientific research, it is inevitable that there are omissions or even errors in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

在生活节奏越来越快的今天，由于工作的压力、不健康的生活方式等因素，乳腺甲状腺疾病呈高发趋势。追求健康、了解疾病相关知识、积极促进疾病的康复是人们的迫切需要。现代人的文化程度不断提高，对疾病的了解不仅只限于简单的科普读物，他们常常渴望了解疾病的发生原因、表现形式、相关的检查、康复、预防等专业知识，使他们在发现疾病时能够做出积极配合治疗的最佳选择，在疾病的康复期能够最大限度地康复到最佳状态，通过了解疾病的相关因素能够采取更加健康的生活方式。
      本书结合近年来乳腺甲状腺疾病最新诊疗技术和临床经验，全面系统地介绍了乳腺疾病的概况、乳腺相关疾病及常见诊疗技术的健康教育、甲状腺疾病的概况、甲状腺相关疾病及常见诊疗技术的健康教育。
      本书内容全面，资料翔实，专而实用，技术规范，具有较强的指导性，是乳腺甲状腺外科医师案头必备的工具书，更是青年医师必读之书。由于是在繁忙紧张的医疗、教学、科研之余编写，时间仓促，故书中疏漏甚或谬误之处难免，恳请读者见谅，并望批评指正。