As a basic industrial project, water conservancy project needs to strengthen management and control in the construction quality. At present, there are still some deficiencies in the management and control of concrete construction of hydraulic structures in China, resulting in cracks in concrete. In this regard, the construction unit should find out the causes of concrete cracks in hydraulic structures, and then take appropriate measures to improve them in time.
    Hydraulic structure is a kind of social building groups, and is an organic part of the local environment. With the development of economy and society, the appearance of hydraulic structures is paid more and more attention. The appearance quality control of hydraulic structures is mainly in design and construction. The quality of appearance design is not only convenient for construction, but also characteristic when the building meets the requirements of operation function. The quality of construction is reflected in the implementation effect of buildings. The common appearance quality defects are honeycomb and pockmarked surface, different color and color, and too many bubbles, which should be controlled from the construction technology and the quality of building materials.
    At present, China’s water conservancy construction is constantly developing and improving, hydraulic structure is a very important part of water conservancy project. For hydraulic structures on clay foundation, if we want to strengthen the bearing capacity and stability of hydraulic structures, we usually use pile foundation, excavation and replacement foundation, excavation and pouring concrete and other forms. However, if the anti-seepage function of the foundation is fully considered in this process, the excavation and replacement of cement soil foundation can show the best effect, and its effect is better than other foundation forms.

前 言

水利工程作为基础产业工程，需要在建筑施工质量上加强管理控制。目前在我国的水工建筑物混凝土施工管理控制方面， 还存在一些不足， 致使混凝土出现裂缝。对此，施工单位要找出水工建筑物混凝土裂缝出现的原因，然后采取合适的方法及时加以改进。
      水工建筑物是社会各建筑群体中的一类，是所在地环境的一个有机组成部分，随着经济社会的发展，水工建筑物的外观越来越受到重视。水工建筑物的外观质量控制主要在设计与施工两个环节。外观设计的质量表现在建筑物满足运行功能要求的情况下，既方便施工，又具有特色。施工的质量表现在建筑物的实施效果。常见的外观质量缺陷主要有蜂窝麻面、色泽不一、气泡偏多，应从施工工艺、建筑材料的质量等方面加以控制。
        当前我国的水利工程建设在不断地发展和完善，水工建筑物是水利工程中非常重要的一个部分，对于黏土地基上的水工建筑物，如果从加强水工建筑物的承载力和稳定性来说我们通常会使用桩基础、 开挖换填基础和开挖浇筑混凝土等多种形式，但是如果在这一过程中还要充分地考虑到基础的防渗功能，开挖换填水泥土基础形式能够展现出最好的效果，其效果要比其他的基础形式更好。

With the revolutionary development of human industry, on the one hand, it strongly promotes the progress of science and technology, and the process of industrialization and urbanization leads to the rise of construction industry; on the other hand, it also directly leads to a series of problems endangering the survival and healthy development of human beings, such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, ozone hole greenhouse effect, dust storm El Nino phenomenon, population expansion, etc. It is in such a world background that green building emerges as the times require, and gradually forms a new concept and new consciousness with wide influence. Green building not only pays attention to the relationship between buildings and people, but also pays attention to the relationship between resource consumption and resource utilization efficiency. Its goal principle is to establish a harmonious, safe and healthy symbiotic relationship between man and nature, so as to minimize the consumption of earth resources, the optimal and efficient use of resources, and to meet the living and comfortable needs of human beings to the maximum extent. China has vast cities, large population, environmental degradation.Resources is lack and the distribution is unreasonable. Differences among natural, economic and social are prominent. The development of green building has special scientific status and social, economic and environmental significance. Therefore, it is necessary for architects, planners, civil engineers, equipment engineers, environmental engineers and other relevant technical personnel to establish the professional awareness of green building, improve the technical ability of green building, and improve the service level of green building.
    Green building and green construction technology is an important part of the sustainable development of the construction industry. It is also the basic requirement of the construction industry to save resources and energy and protect the ecological environment. Based on this, the author organized and compiled this textbook, hoping to meet the needs of managers and professional technicians in the field of engineering construction to learn green building and green construction technology.

前 言

随着人类工业革命性发展，一方面有力地推动了科学技术进步，工业化城市化进程导致建筑工业的崛起;另一方面也直接导致了危及全人类生存安全、 存续健康发展的一系列问题，诸如资源枯竭、环境恶化、臭氧空洞温室效应、沙尘暴厄尔尼诺现象、人口膨胀等。正是在这样的世界背景下，绿色建筑应运而生，并逐步形成了具有广泛影响的新概念、新意识。绿色建筑不仅关注建筑与人的关系，同时关注资源消耗与资源使用效率的关系。其目标原则是建立人与自然之间和谐、安全、健康的共生关系，以最小消耗地球资源、最优高效使用资源、最大限度地满足人类宜居和舒适生存需求。我国地城辽阔、人口众多、环境恶化、资源匮乏且分布不合理，自然、经济与社会条件差异性突出，发展绿色建筑具有特殊的科学地位和社会、经
济、环境意义。因此，建立绿色建筑职业意识，完善绿色建筑技术能力，提高绿色建筑服务水平，理应成为广大建筑师、规划师、土木工程师、设备工程师、环境工程师等相关技术人员，面对当今社会与未来社会执业的必备职业基础和条件。

绿色建筑和绿色施工技术，是建筑业可持续发展的重要组成部分，也是建筑业本身必须做到节约资源能源和保护生态环境的基本要求。正是立足于此，我们组织编写了本教材，期望满足工程建设领域管理人员和专业技术人员学习绿色建筑和绿色施工技术的需求。

In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s infrastructure, China has established the basic national policy with economic construction as the center, and increased the scale of capital construction investment. In this context, highway construction, especially high-grade highway and bridge construction, has been developing rapidly. At the same time, railway construction, especially high-speed railway construction, has entered a period of rapid development. In addition, with the development of urbanization, municipal roads and subway projects have also been booming. The rapid development of the above-mentioned transportation industry determines the demand gap of a large number of road and bridge professional and technical personnel, and it has become an inevitable trend to cultivate talents with one specialty and multiple abilities.
    This book systematically describes the basic knowledge of road and bridge engineering, introduces the development history and main construction technology of bridge engineering construction technology, reflects the rapid progress of domestic road and bridge engineering construction technology and management technology, especially the promulgation of various new specifications and standards, and the continuous promotion and use of new technology and new technology. The construction technology of subgrade, pavement and upper and lower part of bridge is changing with each passing day. However, there are still many problems and difficulties in it. It is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable management system to ensure the smooth development of road and bridge engineering and promote the economic development of our country.
    Due to the lack of experience of the editor, there are inevitably omissions and deficiencies in the book. Readers are requested to give more valuable comments for revision in the second edition.

前 言

近年来，随着我国基础建设的飞速发展，我国确立了以经济建设为中心的基本国策，加大了基本建设投资规模。在此背景下，公路建设事业，尤其是高等级公路和桥梁建设得到快速发展。与此同时，铁路建设尤其是高速铁路建设也进入快速发展时期。此外，随着城镇化进程的日益推进，市政道路与地铁工程也得到了蓬勃发展。上述运输行业的高速发展决定了大量路桥专业技术人才的需求缺口，培养一专多能人才已成为当前必然趋势。
        本书系统地阐述了道路与桥梁工程的基本知识，介绍了桥梁工程施工技术的发展历史和主要施工技术， 体现出国内道路与桥梁工程施工技术与管理技术突飞猛进，特别是各项新规范、新标准的颁布以及新技术、新工艺的不断推广使用，路基路面和桥梁上下部施工技术日新月异。但是在其中仍然存在很多的问题和难点，需要对其建立完善科学合理的管理制度， 保证道路桥梁工程顺利开展， 促进我国经济发展。
       由于编者经验不足，书中难免存在疏漏与不足之处，敬请读者多提宝贵意见，以便再版时修订。

China is a big mining country, mining industry is one of the pillar industries of national economy. Since the reform and opening up, with the acceleration of industrialization, urbanization and modernization, China has entered the stage of rapid growth of human resource consumption. The rigid demand of social and economic development for mineral resources is increasing, geological exploration tasks are increasing, mining development activities are intensifying, and the damage to mine geological environment is becoming more and more serious, so that once the speed of mine geological environment treatment can not catch up with the speed of destruction, the earth’s ecosystem is hard to bear, and many problems of old mines left over by history have not been solved, which makes the situation of China’s mines geological environment management complex and severe, and the task of restoration and treatment arduous.Mine geological environment problem has become a major practical problem to be solved urgently. It not only affects the healthy development of mining economy, but also affects people’s life and property, health and safety, and restricts the implementation of sustainable development strategy of national economy.
    The ecological restoration of mining area has become an important part of ecological environment construction in China; at the same time, combined with land consolidation, comprehensive utilization of land resources is carried out to alleviate the contradiction between human and land resources; more importantly, through reasonable planning and implementation of the development of alternative industries, it solves the temporary negative impact of the current regional economy caused by the closure of some mines, so as to realize the transformation from black-and-white economy to green economy, and to resettle the industrial transfer personnel. Through the ecological restoration work of mining area, we can cooperate with the construction of new socialist countryside, promote the growth of green GDP, realize circular economy and build a harmonious society.

前 言

我国是矿业大国，矿业是国民经济支柱产业之一。改革开放以来，随着工业化、城镇化、现代化进程的不断加快，我国进人资源消耗快速增长阶段。社会经济发展对矿产资源的刚性需求不断加大，地质勘查任务增多，矿业开发活动加剧，对矿山地质环境的破坏越来越严重， 以致一度矿山地质环境治理的速度赶不上破坏的速度，地球的生态系统难以承受，加上不少历史遗留的老矿山问题尚未解决，使得我国矿山地质环境管理形势复杂而严峻，恢复治理任务艰巨而繁重。矿山地质环境问题已经成为当前亟待解决的重大现实问题，不仅影响矿业经济健康发展，而且影响人民群众的生命财产及健康安全，制约了国民经济可持续发展战略的实施。

矿区的生态修复已成为我国生态环境建设的重要组成部分，通过对废弃矿区的生态修复，能够有效改善生态环境；同时结合土地整治，对土地资源进行综合利用，缓解人地资源的矛盾；更为重要的是通过合理规划实施替代产业的发展，解决由于一些矿山的关停造成的区域当前经济暂时负面影响，从而实现黑白经济向绿色经济的转变，安置产业转业人员。通过矿区的生态修复工作，配合我国社会主义新农村建设，促进绿色 GDP 的增长，实现循环经济，构建和谐社会。

In recent years, the basic and clinical research of neurosurgery has entered a new era. People’s understanding of nervous system diseases has gone deep into the molecular level. The progress of neuroimaging technology and the development of minimally invasive surgery have also improved the diagnosis and surgical treatment of nervous system diseases.
    In the discussion part of this book, the concept and new progress of external science and neurosurgery are described, and then it is divided into neurosurgery foundation, craniocerebral injury, intracranial tumor, cerebrovascular disease, other neurosurgical diseases and neurosurgical operation basis, technology and nursing so as to provide practical theoretical guidance for the majority of medical personnel engaged in clinical and surgical neurosurgery.
    As this book covers more contents, involves more complicated knowledge, and has more compilers, the format, depth and breadth of the contents of each chapter may not be consistent, and fallacies are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

近年来，神经外科基础与临床的研究进人一个崭新的时代，人们对神经系统疾病的认识已经深入到分子水平，神经影像学技术的进步和微侵袭外科的发展，也使神经系统疾病的诊断和手术治疗技术日臻完善。
       本书论部分先对外科学、神经外科学的概念与新进展进行了基本阐述，后分为神经外科基础、颅脑损伤、颅内肿瘤、脑血管疾病、其他神经外科疾病以及神经外科手术基础、技术与护理进行了全面闸释与说明，以期为广大从事神经外科临床与手术的医务人员提供切合实用的理论指导。
       由于本书包罗内容较多，涉及知识较繁琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，敬请广大读者批评指正。