Machinery manufacturing industry is one of the most important sectors of the national economy. It can not only directly provide consumer goods for people’s life, but also provide technical equipment for all sectors of the national economy. It is an important foundation and pillar industry of national economy. Its development scale and level have a great restriction and direct influence on the development of national economy, and it is an important sign of a country’s economic strength and the level of scientific and technological development. Therefore, all countries in the world regard the development of machinery manufacturing industry as one of the strategic priorities for the revitalization and development of national economy. 

The development and progress of machinery manufacturing industry, to a large extent, depends on the level and development of machinery manufacturing technology. Today, with the high development of science and technology, modern industry puts forward higher and higher requirements for machinery manufacturing technology, which promotes the continuous development of machinery manufacturing technology. At the same time, the development of cience and technology also provides opportunities and conditions for the development of machinery manufacturing technology. In particular, the development of computer technology makes it easier to combine conventional mechanical manufacturing technology with precision detection technology, numerical control technology, sensor technology, etc. It brings many new technologies and concepts to the field of mechanical manufacturing, and greatly improves product quality and production efficiency. The development of mechanical manufacturing technology has laid a solid foundation for the development of other high-tech and provided a reliable guarantee. Both of them promote each other and improve together, making a great contribution to the rapid development of society and economy. 

In the process of compiling this book, we have read a large number of domestic and foreign textbooks, treatises and other documents. Due to the limited space, we will not list them one by one. We sincerely thank these authors of these documents. At the same time, due to the limited level and ability of editors, there are inevitably mistakes and omissions in the book. We sincerely hope that experts, scholars and readers can criticize and correct them, so as to further improve them in the future.

前 言

机械制造工业是国民经济最重要的部门之一，它不仅能直接提供人民生活所需的消费品，而且为国民经济各部门提供技术装备，是国民经济的重要基础和支柱产业，其发展规模和水平对国民经济的发展有很大的制约和直接的影响，是一个国家经济实力和科学技术发展水平的重要标志，因而世界各国均把发展机械制造工业作为振兴和发展国民经济的战略重点之一。

机械制造工业的发展和进步，在很大程度上取决于机械制造技术的水平和发展。 在科学技术高度发展的今天， 现代工业对机械制造技术提出了越来越高的要求，推动着机械制造技术向前不断发展，同时科学技术的发展也为机械制造技术的发展提供了机遇和条件。特别是计算机技术的发展，使得常规机械制造技术与精密检测技术、数控技术、传感技术等有机结合更易于进行，给机械制造领域带来许多新技术、新概念，使产品质量和生产效率大大提高。而机械制造技术的发展又为其他高新技术的发展打下了坚实的基础，提供了可靠的保证，两者互相促进，共同提高，为社会和经济的快速发展做出了极大的贡献。

在本书的编写过程中，我们参阅了大量国内外教材和论著等文献资料，由于篇幅有限，恕不一一列出，在此对这些文献的作者一并表示诚挚的谢意。同时，由于编者水平和能力有限，书中难免存在错误与遗漏，我们诚恳地希望各位专家、学者和读者批评指正，以便今后进一步完善。

The rapid development of economy and science and technology has a great impact on all walks of life at this stage, especially with the continuous improvement of people’s living standards and the rising awareness of environmental protection. Environmental protection and the promotion of the harmonious development of human and nature have become a common cognition of people. The environmental awareness of a country and a nation is an important sign to measure the social development and progress and the level of national civilization. Environmental protection has long been listed as one of China’s“basic national policies”. Strengthening environmental education is the basic project to improve the environmental awareness of the whole nation and realize the basic national policy of environmental protection.

The first chapter of this paper explains related concepts of environment, such as the constitution and problems of environment; the second chapter mainly studies the common environmental problems in the world at present, including climate change, ozone destruction, acid rain, biodiversity reduction, land desertification, forest vegetation destruction, freshwater resource crisis and so on. It also explains the impact on environmental pollution, especially the harm to human health; the fourth to eighth chapters mainly look for effective countermeasures for the common environmental pollution problems in the world, such as air pollution control measures, water pollution control measures, soil pollution control measures, acoustic pollution control measures. Next, the related concepts of environmental management are expressed and appropriate measures for monitoring and evaluating the environment are found.

前 言

经济与科技的飞速发展对现阶段的各行各业都产生了极大的影响，尤其体现在随着人们生活水平的不断提升，环境保护意识逐渐抬头，环保与促进人与自然的和谐发展已经成为人们的普遍认知， 一个国家、一个民族的环境意识是衡量社会发展进步和民族文明程度的重要标志。环境保护，早已被列为我国的一项基本国策，而加强环境教育，则是提高全民族的环境意识，实现环境保护这一基本国策的基础工程。

本文第一章对环境的相关概念进行了阐释，例如环境的构成、问题等；第二章主要对现阶段世界范围内所面临的共同环境问题进行了系统的研究， 包含气候变化、臭氧破坏、酸雨、生物多样性的减少、土地荒漠化、森林植被破坏、淡水资源危机等内容；对环境污染所造成的影响，尤其是对于人体健康的危害进行了阐释；第四至第八章主要对世界范围内所共同面临的环境污染问题寻找其有效对策，例如寻找大气污染的治理措施、水体污染的治理措施、土壤污染的治理措施、噪声污染的治理措施，接下来对于环境管理的相关概念进行了表达以及寻找合适的监测环境与评价环境的措施。

The progress of science and technology and the rapid development of global economy have greatly improved the quality of life of human society, but also brought a  series of threats to human survival, such as environmental pollution and ecological deterioration, which has attracted the world’s attention in fields of environment, ecology and sustainable development. It has become a consensus of human society to protect the global environment and implement sustainable development. As a developing country with the largest population, to solve environmental problems is not only in line with China’s own long-term goal of sustainable development, but also an important embodiment of common interests of human society.

Using the concept of aesthetic description as an art level to explain the environmentalart problem is because aesthetic description itself, as an art research method, has a wide range and influence in the research of art evaluation. As the living space of human beings,environment is closely related to human life. The ultimate purpose of the formation and existence of environmental art is to provide a harmonious and beautiful living space and activity place for human beings. Therefore, the creation of modern environmental art must change the former focus on the carving of the entity, that is, to focus on the treatment of the external environment, and should take aesthetic care as the focus of environmental art creation, and turn the aesthetic focus of environmental art from the aesthetic object to the integration of the aesthetic subject and object. Excellent environmental art is the art of experience. It is the perceptual grasp of the life value and meaning of the work given by the people as the main body. Emotional life and meaning are the core of environmental art.

The occurrence of environmental art aesthetics can be divided into three stages according to the description of the aesthetic process: first, the feeling of many complex landscape phenomena such as environmental material characteristics, such as elements, order and time, etc., and the perception image with pleasure generated by the superposition of various feelings; second, the aesthetic image of environmental art is formed when the perception image is consistent with the original emotional state; and finally, the value judgment of aesthetic result, which can be correctly understood and expressed through the synthesis of subject evaluation and object evaluation.

前 言

科学技术的进步和全球经济的迅猛发展，在极大地改善了人类社会生活质量的同时，也带来了环境污染和生态恶化等一系列威胁人类生存的问题，从而引起了世界各国对环境、生态、可持续发展等领域的广泛关注。保护全球环境，实施可持续发展，已成为人类社会的共识。作为人口最多的发展中国家，解决好环境问题，既符合中国自身可持续发展的长远目标，也是人类社会共同利益的重要体现。

用审美描述这样一个艺术层面的概念来阐述环境艺术问题，是因为审美描述本身作为一种艺术研究方法，在艺术评价的研究中具有广泛性和影响力。环境作为人类生存的空间，与人的生活息息相关，环境艺术的形成和存在的最终目的是为人类提供和谐美好的生存空间和活动场所。因此，现代环境艺术创造必须改变以往只注重实体的雕琢，即把注意力全部集中在外部环境的处理上，而应把审美关怀作为环境艺术创造的重点， 将环境艺术的审美重心由审美客体转向审美主客体的融会统一。优秀的环境艺术是体验的艺术，是作为主体的人将强烈的感情色彩赋予作品生命价值与意义的感性把握，情感生命、意义是环境艺术关注的核心。

环境艺术审美的发生依据审美过程的描述可分为三个阶段：首先是对环境物质特征，如要素、秩序时间等许多复杂景观现象的感觉，多种感觉叠加生成具有愉悦性的知觉象；其次是当知觉表象与原有的情感状态相符时形成环境艺术的审美意象；最后是审美结果的价值判断，这要通过主体评价和客体评价的综合才能被正确地认识和表达出来。

Respiratory System is an organ system for gas exchange between human body and external environment. In the process of metabolism, the organism must constantly absorb the O2 required by metabolism from the external environment and discharge the CO2 produced. This process of gas exchange between the organism and the external environment is called respiration. Therefore, respiration is a necessary condition to maintain metabolism and other functional activities of the body. Once respiration stops, life will end. According to survey results of causes of death in 1992, respiratory diseases (excluding lung cancer) accounted for the third place in urban mortality, while in rural mortality was the first. More attention should be paid to air pollution, smoking, aging and other factors, which will increase the incidence rate and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, diffuse interstitial fibrosis of lung, and pulmonary infection. This shows that respiratory diseases are increasingly harmful to human beings. If not controlled, they will become more prominent in the future. This requires efforts of medical workers and the whole society to do a good job in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. This book systematically introduces the diagnosis and treatment technology of respiratory
diseases, and provides theoretical guidance materials for clinical treatment of respiratory diseases.

前 言

呼吸系统（Respiratory System）是人体与外界环境间进行气体交换的器官系统。生物体在新陈代谢的过程中，必须不断地从外界环境中摄取新陈代谢所需的 O2，排出所产生的 CO2，这种机体与外界环境之间的气体交换过程，称为呼吸。因此，呼吸是维持机体新陈代谢和其他功能活动正常进行的必要条件，一旦呼吸停止，生命也将结束。根据我国 1992 的死因调查结果，呼吸系统疾病（不包括肺癌）在城市的死亡率占第 3 位，而在农村则占首位。更应重视的是由于大气污染、吸烟、人口老龄化及其他因素，使国内外的慢性阻塞性肺病（简称慢阻肺，包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、肺心病）、支气管哮喘、肺癌、肺部弥散性间质纤维化，以及肺部感染等疾病的发病率、死亡率有增无减。这说明呼吸系统疾病危害人类日益严重，如未予控制，日后将更为突出， 这就需要广大医务工作者暨全社会的努力， 做好呼吸系统疾病的防治工作。本书系统介绍了呼吸系统疾病的诊疗技术， 为呼吸系统疾病临床治疗提供理论性的指导材料。

With the continuous deterioration of the water ecological environment and thede crease of the total amount of water resources year by year, our country pays moreattention to the protection of water resources and the improvement of water ecology. The excessive development and pollution have caused severe water pollution. The improvement of water environment in the river basin must go through a long and arduous period of time.In addition to the support of scientific and technological talents and funds, it is more important to need new systems and laws that keep pace with the times.

In view of the increasingly serious problem of water pollution and the fact that the fragmented treatment of river basin water pollution in our country can not achieve outstanding results in the past, “river director system” came into being, and its implementation changed the situation of “many people participate in water control” in our country. But after all, the “river director system” is only an emergency measure based on the serious water pollution crisis. Although China has decided to implement the “river irector system” in the whole country at the end of 2016, and the new “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law”, which has been implemented since 2018, clearly stipulates the “river chief system”, there are still many difficulties in the specific operation. 

This book is divided into six chapters. It analyzes and expounds the construction of river director system and water ecological protection from different perspectives, finds out various problems and difficulties, and puts forward corresponding solutions and methods.

前 言

随着水生态环境的持续恶化，水资源总量的逐年减少，我国对保护水资源，改善水生态的重视也逐渐提高。曾经过度的开发与污染造成了如今严峻的水污染情况，流域水环境的改善也必然需要经历一段漫长而艰辛的岁月，除了需要科技人才以及资金的支持，更重要的是需要新兴的制度与紧跟时代的法律。

针对日益严重的水污染问题以及过去我国流域水污染治理中碎片化的治理无法取得突出成效的现实情况，“河长制”应运而生，其实施改变了我国“多龙治水”的情形。但“河长制”毕竟只是基于严重的水污染危机所提出的应急性措施，虽然我国于 2016 年底已经决定在全国推行“河长制”，且在 2018 年开始实施的新《水污染防治法》中也以法律明确规定了“河长制”，但在具体操作上仍然存在许多困难。

本书分为六个章节，从不同的角度对河长制建设与水生态保护进行详细的分析与阐述，发现了其中存在的各种问题和所面临的境，并提出了相应的解决措施和方法 。