After thousands of years of development history, the subject of surveying and mapping, through the accumulation of many famous and outstanding scientists and scholars, with their hard work and sweat crystallization of rich results, glows with eternal brilliance. In the past 30 years, with the rapid development of science and technology,surveying and mapping science has entered a new era of informatization. Many new research contents and achievements reflecting characteristics of modern science and technology have emerged, which makes the content and technology of the whole surveying and mapping discipline not enough to be generalized and described by “vast as the sea”, and truly makes people understand the meaning of “a feast for eyes”.

Modern surveying and mapping science, with the rapid development of national economy and the progress of world science and technology, makes the theory and content of research, applied technology and methods into a deeper and new stage. With the combination of satellite technology, space vehicle, modern computer and network technology, communication technology, driven by development goals of digital earth,digital China and digital provinces, the mapping science has undergone great changes. It is difficult for every learner to understand and master all the knowledge of such a large and profound surveying subject. Therefore, it is necessary and appropriate to divide the surveying and mapping discipline into five branches according to its classification characteristics and system structure, namely geodesy, photogrammetry and remote sensing,cartography and geographic information engineering, engineering surveying and marine surveying and mapping. Generally speaking, every surveying and mapping worker is only engaged in the study and research of related contents of one branch of the discipline, so it is difficult to have a deeper understanding of the whole picture and development of surveying and mapping discipline. The content and purpose of this book is to facilitate a more comprehensive preliminary understanding of the whole of surveying and mapping,avoid being too professional and lack of a comprehensive understanding of surveying and mapping discipline, and meet the learning content set up by learners to deeply understand the new progress of modern surveying and mapping Science and technology.

The development of modern surveying and mapping discipline requires that surveying and mapping workers should not only study and research in this discipline and the scope of this specialty, but also broaden the scope of professional knowledge, and more combine the learning of theories and technologies of other disciplines beyond this specialty and even other disciplines that seem to be less relevant. In this regard, the first condition is to have a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the research content,theory, advanced technology and methods, discipline development and tasks of the discipline. Only by “accumulating widely and developing thinly” can we deeply study surveying and mapping technology and theory, innovate subject content and promote the development of surveying and mapping subject.

前 言

测绘学科经几千年发展历史的厚积，经众多名望卓越的科学家和学者，用心血和汗水结晶而成的丰硕成果的凝聚，使测绘学科焕发着经久不衰的灿烂辉煌。近 30年以来，随着科技的飞速发展，测绘科学已迈入了信息化的全新时期，众多反映了现代科技特色的新研究内容和研究成果涌现，使整个测绘学科的内容和技术，不足以用“浩瀚如海”所能概括和形容，真正使人领悟到了“美不胜收”的含义。

现代测绘科学，随着国民经济的飞速发展和世界科技的进步，使研究的理论和内容、应用的技术和方法进入了更深层次的新阶段。结合卫星技术、空间飞行器、现代计算机及网络技术、通信技术、在数字地球、数字中国、数字省区发展目标的驱动下，测绘科学发生了“翻天覆地”的变革。每个学习者要深入了解和精通如此庞大而又深奥的测绘学科的全部知识是困难的。因此按照学科分类特征和体系结构把测绘学科分为五大分支学科，即大地测量学、摄影测量学与遥感、地图制图学与地理信息工程、工程测量学、海洋测绘学是十分必要和恰当的。通常而言，每个测绘工作者仅从事于其中一个分支学科的相关内容学习和研究，难以对测绘学科的全貌及发展有更深程度的了解。本书的内容及目的，就是为了便于达到较全面地初步了解测绘学的整体，避免过于专业化而缺乏对测绘学科的全面认识，满足学习者深入了解现代测绘科学和技术的新进展而设置的学习内容。

现代测绘学科的发展，要求测绘工作者，不应仅局限于本学科及本专业范围的学习和研究，还要拓宽专业知识面，要更多地结合本专业以外的甚至其他似乎不太相关的学科理论及技术的学习。对此，首要的条件是必须全面而系统地了解本学科的研究内容及理论、先进技术及方法、学科发展和任务。“广积而薄发”才能深层次地研究测绘技术和理论，创新学科内容，推动测绘学科的发展。

With the rapid increase of highway mileage and the rapid expansion of the scope of use, the continuous growth of traffic flow, and the increasing road diseases, the expressway is facing the pressure of centralized overhaul and reconstruction, the task of expressway maintenance and management is becoming more and more difficult, and the demand for funds is growing. When the maintenance peak comes, how to manage and
maintain the expressway, giving full play to the economic and social benefits of the expressway,and maintaining and improving the use quality of the expressway have become more and more concerned by all sectors of society and relevant departments.

The Ministry of Transport puts forward the view that “highway construction is development, highway maintenance also is development, and it is important development”,and raised the highway maintenance management to a new height. It can be predicted that in the future, the focus of expressway construction in China will gradually shift from new construction to simultaneous construction and maintenance, and then to maintenance.

However, there is still a lack of investment in highway maintenance and management in China, and a long-term stable source of funds needs to be established; there are different maintenance management systems, and the responsibilities and rights of expressway maintenance need to be further clarified; the maintenance market is being cultivated, and a new mechanism has not yet been formed; preventive maintenance has not been popularized, and the overall technical level needs to be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the current situation and project management of expressway maintenance management in China.At the same time, the book is divided into eight chapters to explore the root causes of the problems existing in the maintenance management and project management of China’s expressway, and put forward improvement measures, so as to ensure the sound and rapid development of the maintenance management of China’s expressway.

前 言

随着高速公路通车里程的急剧增加和使用范围的迅速扩大，交通流量的持续增长，道路病害日益增加，高速公路面临集中大修和改造的压力，高速公路养护管理任务越来越艰巨、资金需求越来越大。在养护高峰期到来之际，如何管好、养好高速公路，充分发挥高速公路的经济效益和社会效益，保持和提升高速公路的使用品质，成为社会各界和有关部门愈来愈关心的问题。

交通运输部提出“公路建设是发展，公路养护也是发展，而且是重要发展”的观点，把公路的养护管理提到了一个新的高度来认识。可以预计，今后一个时期，我国高速公路建设的重点将从新建为主逐步转为建设与养护并举进而过渡到以养护为主。

然而，我国高速公路养护管理工作还存在投入不足，长期稳定的资金来源渠道有待建立；养护管理体制各异，高速公路养护的责权需进一步明晰；养护市场正在培育，新型机制尚未形成； 预防性养护尚未普及，整体技术水平还需提升。因此，非常有必要对我国高速公路养护管理现状及项目管理进行深入分析，同时，本书分八章内容将我国高速公路养护管理及项目管理中存在的问题根源进行探究，提出改进的措施，从而保障我国高速公路养护管理事业又好又快发展。

The development and utilization of mineral resources are conducive to social development and progress. Whether it is agricultural civilization or industrial civilization, both accumulate human civilization and create wealth via obtaining natural resources. Therefore, agricultural civilization and industrial civilization are a kind of demand civilization, while ecological civilization is a state of harmony between man and nature, and is a brand-new civilization form. It completely explains the relationship of harmony and coexistence between man and nature.

This book mainly describes the content of mineral resources exploration and development and environmental protection. It introduces the characteristics, general situation and development status of mineral resources. Through the investigation and evaluation of mineral resources, it analyzes how to scientifically and rationally develop and utilize mineral resources. The research on the methods of environmental protection and restoration of mineral resources areas has made environmental protection more popular. This book introduces the government’s positive attitude towards natural environment protection by interpreting the relevant content of mineral resources exploration and development policies. Through the introduction of the mineral resources development geological environment and development property rights system, readers will further understand the support of national policies for environmental protection. In the process of developing mineral resources, it is necessary to increase the protection of resources. The scientific development and utilization of natural environmental resources are conducive to the sustainable development of society.

前 言

矿产资源的开发利用有利社会的发展和进步，无论是农业文明，还是工业文明，都是向自然资源地索取，通过这种方式来积累人类文明和创造财富。所以，农业文明和工业文明是一种索取文明，而生态文明是一种人与自然和谐相处的状态，是一个全新的文明形态。它全新的解释了人与自然之间和谐共生、和谐共荣之间的关系。

本书主要讲述矿产的资源勘查开发和环境保护的内容，介绍了矿产资源的特点、概况、开发现状的相关内容，通过对矿产资源调查和评价的研究，来分析如何进行矿产资源的科学合理的开发利用。对矿产资源地区的环境保护和恢复治理的方式的研究，使环境保护更加深入人心。本书通过对矿产资源勘查开发政策相关内容解读，来介绍政府对自然环境保护的积极态度。通过对矿产资源开发地质环境和开发产权体系的介绍，进一步了解国家政策对环境保护的支持力度。在对矿产资源开发的过程中，加大资源的保护是十分有必要的，自然环境资源的科学开发和利用有利于社会的可持续发展。

The advancement of science and technology has made great changes in people’s lives. With the rapid economic development, people are paying more and more attention to the protection of resources and the environment. The development of space information technology has fully guaranteed the protection of resources.

This book mainly describes related research on space information technology and resource environmental protection. Through the introduction of the related concepts, components and core technologies of the spatial information system, readers have a preliminary understanding of the spatial information system. Through the introduction of environmental spatial information management, readers can understand the concept, composition and function of geographic information. Starting from the spatial acquisition of environmental information, readers have a deep understanding of the principles of environmental information and the processing of images and models. This book introduces the principles and information processing methods of remote sensing technology, which makes readers more directly see the impact of remote sensing technology on people. Readers can learn more about the development of navigation technology by the introduction of the composition and positioning principles of the global positioning system. The editor introduces the relevant content of the resource and environmental information database, and further finds the application of space information technology in natural resources protection. Monitoring and prevention of environmental disasters can be achieved by remote sensing technology. Global positioning system can provide certain technical and theoretical support for ecological environment protection. With the development of science and technology, the role of geographic information system in environmental protection is becoming more and more obvious. While providing help to people, it can better ensure a good cycle of resource and environmental systems.

前 言

科技的进步使得人们生活发生了巨大改变，经济高速发展的今天，人们越来越多地关注到资源环境的保护中，空间信息技术的发展使得资源环境保护得到了充分地保障。

本书主要讲述了关于空间信息技术和资源环境保护的相关研究，通过空间信息系统相关概念、组成和核心技术的介绍，来对空间信息系统有一个初步的认识。通过对环境空间信息管理的介绍，来了解地理信息的概念、组成、功能。从环境信息的空间获取出发，对环境信息的原理和图像、模型处理进行深入的理解。本书介绍了遥感技术的原理和信息处理方式，可以更直观地看到遥感技术带给人们的影响。通过对全球定位系统构成和定位原理的介绍，使大家更多地了解导航技术的发展。我们对资源环境信息数据库相关内容的介绍，进一步找到空间信息技术在自然资源环境保护中的应用。通过遥感技术，我们能够实现对环境灾害的监控和防治工作。全球定位系统能为生态环境保护提供一定的技术、理论支持。随着科技的发展，地理信息系统在环境保护中的作用也越来越明显，它在为人们提供帮助的同时，能更好地保证资源环境系统的良好循环。

Mental illness refers to the disorder of brain functional activities under the influence of various biological, psychological, and social environmental factors in vivo and in vitro, resulting in disorders of varying degrees of mental activities such as cognitive, emotional,will, and behavior, like severe psychosis, neurosis, mental retardation, personality disorders,etc. China is a country with a large population, and the number of potential mental patients is very large. The external manifestations of these patients with varying degrees of mental illness will have a great impact on their individual lives and work. In severe cases, they may even cause great harm to the society. It is of great significance to analyze the diagnosis, treatment and nursing methods of mental illness to alleviate the suffering of mental illness and reduce the impact of mental patients on society.

The editor have interpreted psychosis treatment and nursing measures from multiple perspectives, including the definition and concept of psychiatric disease, the causes and degree of psychiatric illness, how to diagnose psychiatric patients, some common psychiatric treatment and nursing methods, such as the treatment and nursing methods of schizophrenia, the treatment and nursing methods of patients with depression, the treatment and nursing methods of neurosis, and the search for more suitable psychiatric nursing and treatment measures, from the perspective of psychotherapy to explore the family relationship of mental patients, and rehabilitation treatment of mental conditions of mental patients from the perspective of family relations.

前 言

精神疾病是指在体内外各种生理、心理、社会环境因素的影响下，大脑功能活动发生紊乱，导致认识、情感、意志和行为等精神活动不同程度障碍的疾病，如重性精神病、神经症、精神发育迟滞、人格障碍等。我国是一个人口大国，潜在精神病患者的数量非常大，而这部分患者所持有的不同程度的精神病的外在表现会对其个体的生活与工作产生极大的影响，严重情况下甚至会对社会造成极大危害，分析精神病的确诊治疗与护理方式对于缓解精神病痛苦，降低精神病患者对于社会所产生的影响具有非常重要的意义。

本人从多个角度对精神病治疗与护理措施进行阐释，包含精神病的定义和概念，精神病产生的原因以及影响精神病程度，如何对精神病患者进行确诊，部分常见精神疾病的治疗和护理方式，例如对于精神分裂症的治疗和护理方式、对于抑郁症患者的治疗和护理方式、对于神经官能症的治疗和护理方式以及寻找更合适的精神病护理和治疗措施，从心理治疗角度来进行探究、探究精神病患者的家庭关系，以及从家庭关系角度对于精神病患者的精神状况进行康复治疗。