The material to architecture is just like the skin to the soul. It is not only the carrier of architecture, but also the medium of external expression of architectural art. The ability to skillfully use building materials is the guarantee to realize the architectural space and artistic effect. Especially for the students who are new to architecture, if they do not master the basic performance and artistic expression of common building materials, and talk about space and facade modeling, their design is easy to become meaningless.
      Energy is the material that provides energy conversion to nature (such as mineral energy, nuclear physical energy, atmospheric circulation energy, geographical energy). Energy is the material basis of human activities. In a sense, the development of human society is inseparable from the emergence of high-quality energy and the use of advanced energy technology. In today’s world, the development of energy, energy and environment are issues of common concern to the whole world and mankind, as well as important issues of China’s social and economic development. For the architectural design industry, looking for new design concepts and methods suitable for green building has become the development direction of industry competition, such as BIM 3D design, prefabricated architectural design and so on. As the leading specialty of architectural design, architecture is an important position of this technological innovation. Based on the requirements of green building for energy saving, indoor and outdoor environment, combined with the development of simulation analysis technology in the architectural design industry, this book puts forward a new passive architectural design method, namely performance-based passive architectural design method. The performance-based passive architectural design method is one of the important directions of architectural innovation.

前 言

材料对于建筑就如人的肌肤对于灵魂，它既是建筑的载体，也是建筑艺术外在表现的媒介。熟练运用建筑材料的能力，是实现建筑空间与艺术效果的保证。尤其是对于初识建筑的学生而言，没有掌握常见建筑材料的基本性能与艺术表现方式，而空谈空间与立面造型，其设计亦容易成为无本之木。
        能源就是向自然界提供能量转化的物质（如矿物质能源、核物理能源，大气环流能源、地理性能源）。能源是人类活动的物质基础。 在某种意义上讲，人类社会的发展离不开优质能源的出现和先进能源技术的使用。在当今世界，能源的发展，能源和环境，是全世界、全人类共同关心的问题， 也是我国社会经济发展的重要问题。对建筑设计行业来说，寻找适合绿色建筑新的设计理念和方法也成为行业竞争的发展方向，如 BIM 三维设计。装配式建筑设计等，建筑专业作为建筑设计的龙头专业，是此次技术革新的重要阵地。本书基于绿色建筑对节能、室内外环境的要求，结合仿真分析技术在建筑设计行业的发展，提出新的被动式建筑设计方法，即性能化的被动式建筑设计方法。性能化的被动式建筑设计方法是建筑专业革新的重要方向之一。

Since the reform and opening up, the construction industry has been booming. The complexity and comprehensiveness of modern highway engineering construction make many problems need to be solved in engineering construction practice. New management methods constantly bring forth new ones, and gradually eliminate the old management mode. Therefore, it is necessary to study and adopt modern new theories, apply new methods and means, take problems as the guidance, constantly summarize experiences and lessons, and improve the management level of highway engineering projects. This requires highway project managers to be compound talents who have strategic vision and understand technology and management, but it depends on the experience accumulation of highway project managers, and also depends on the depth of project managers’ mastery and understanding of project management theory and methods. Therefore, systematic theoretical learning is of great significance. Through understanding, we can know that highway engineering project management is a one-time management enterprise with specific objectives, resource and time constraints and complex professional engineering and technical background, and it is a high-level, scientific and systematic management activity for the whole process of engineering project.
        With the development of national economy, transportation industry has become particularly important, especially highway engineering and highway bridge construction. With the central government making it clear that “speeding up the development of transportation is a strategic and urgent task related to the overall situation of the national economy”, highway engineering construction has ushered in the historical opportunity of great development. The engineering and project management of highway and bridge is of great significance to effectively improve the engineering quality and comprehensive benefits.

前 言

改革开放以来建筑业蓬勃发展，现代公路工程建设的复杂性和综合性使得工程建设实践中出现了很多需要解决的情况和问题，新的管理方法不断推陈出新，逐步淘汰陈旧的管理模式，因此，必须在实践中研究和采用现代化的新理论，应用新方法和手段，以问题为导向，不断总结经验教训，提高公路工程项目的管理水平，这就要求公路工程项目管理者是有战略眼光并且懂技术和管理的复合型人才，但这既取决于公路工程项目管理人员的经验积累，也取决于项目管理人员对工程项目管理理论与方法掌握和理解的深度，所以，系统的理论学习有重要意义。通过了解可以知道，公路工程项目管理是一种具有特定目标、资源及时间限制和复杂的专业工程技术背景的一次性管理事业，是对工程项目全过程进行的高水平的、科学的、系统的管理活动。
        随着国家大力发展经济，运输业变得尤为重要，特别是公路工程和公路桥梁建设这一部分占据了其中很大的比例，随着中央明确“将加快交通运输发展作为事关国民经济全局的战略性和紧迫性任务” ， 公路工程建设便迎来了大发展的历史机遇。公路桥梁的工程与项目管理对有效提升工程质量、综合效益有重要意义。

By improving the level of highway engineering survey and design, it can not only ensure the rationality of highway route, but also effectively reduce the occurrence of road traffic accidents. Due to the increasing scale of highway engineering construction in China, highway engineering survey and design work has attracted the attention of relevant departments. For Highway Survey and design personnel, the following principles should be observed:
      First, the design principle of respecting nature. In the process of Highway Survey and design, the survey and design personnel should seriously abide by the design principle of respecting nature and put the protection of ecological and natural environment in the first place. Because the highway engineering construction has a great impact on the natural ecological environment, which increases the difficulty of ecological environment restoration. Therefore, the highway survey and design personnel should abide by the principle of respecting the natural design, effectively investigate the topography of the area, and adopt a variety of design methods for design.
      Second, the principle of safety design. In the process of highway survey and design, the survey and design personnel should seriously abide by the principles of safety design, comprehensively consider various potential safety hazards, and take good measures to improve the safety of highway vehicles. By abiding by the principle of safety design, it can ensure that the highway survey and design scheme is more perfect, and effectively reduce the probability of highway traffic accidents.
         In addition, through the reasonable analysis of the existing problems and Countermeasures in highway survey and design, such as scientific design of highway route, comprehensive consideration of geological conditions along the highway, improvement of geological survey technology and so on, it can ensure the orderly progress of highway survey and design, and improve the implementation effect of highway survey and design scheme. Highway survey and design has a certain degree of difficulty, designers should continue to learn advanced knowledge, improve their professional skills, so as to promote the rapid development of China’s highway industry.

前 言

通过提升公路工程勘察设计水平，不仅能够保证公路路线的合理性，还能够有效减少道路交通安全事故的发生。由于我国公路工程建设规模的不断加大，公路工程勘察设计工作已经引起有关部门的重视，对于公路勘察设计人员来讲，要遵守以下原则：
        第一，尊重自然的设计原则。在公路勘察设计环节，勘察设计人员要认真遵守尊重自然的设计原则，将生态自然环境保护放在首位。因为公路工程建设施工对自然生态环境影响特别大，增加了生态环境的修复难度，因此，公路勘察设计人员要遵守尊重自然设计原则，对该地区的地形地貌进行有效勘察，采用多种设计方法进行设计。
        第二，安全设计原则。在公路勘察设计过程之中，勘察设计人员要认真遵守安全性设计原则，综合考虑各项安全隐患，并采取良好措施，提升公路车辆的安全性。通过遵守安全性设计原则，能够保证公路勘察设计方案更为完善，有效降低公路交通安全事故的发生概率。
        此外，通过对公路勘察设计中存在问题解决对策进行合理分析，例如科学设计公路路线、综合考虑公路沿线地质条件、完善地质勘察技术等等，能够保证公路勘察设计工作有序进行，提高公路勘察设计方案的实施效果。公路勘察设计具有一定难度，设计人员还要不断学习先进知识，提高自身的专业技能水平，进而推动我国公路事业的快速发展。

With the vigorous development and progress of the construction industry, the construction of high-quality bridges has become an important technical field of modern construction management and the inevitable trend of development. The construction standard of bridges has been raised from the strength and durability to meet the use requirements to the height of creating high-quality projects.
         With the continuous development of market economy, the demand for expressways in China is increasing year by year. At the same time, the increasing transportation tasks and increasing vehicle demand put forward new requirements for the construction of expressway. For the bridge facilities of expressway, as an important part of expressway, its engineering quality will directly affect the safety of people's lives and property, which requires that corresponding measures should be taken to strengthen the bridge construction technology of expressway, so as to ensure the bridge quality of expressway; in order to ensure the quality of highway bridge engineering, it is necessary to strengthen the management and organization of construction technology, and make overall consideration and reasonable arrangement. Combined with the characteristics of construction technology, different construction conditions and other factors, the construction technology scheme is continuously optimized and improved, so as to ensure the efficient connection between each construction technology and modern construction technology, ensure the completion of the project with quality and quantity on schedule, and realize the maximum benefit of the project.

前 言

随着建筑事业的大力发展与进步，建设高质量的桥梁已成为现代建筑事业管理的一种重要技术领域和发展的必然趋势，桥梁的建设标准已从强度和耐久性满足使用要求提高到创精品工程的高度。
        市场经济的不断发展，我国对于高速公路的需求逐年增加。同时，日益增加的交通运载任务与不断增强的车辆需求，对高速公路的建设提出了新的要求。对于高速公路的桥梁设施而言，作为高速公路的一项重要组成部分，其工程质量好坏将直接关系到人们的生命财产安全，这就要求应采取相应的措施来强化高速公路的桥梁施工技术，以切实保障高速公路的桥梁质量；为了确保高速公路桥梁工程的质量，必须强化施工技术的管理与组织工作，做到统筹兼顾、合理安排，并结合施工工艺特点施工条件等因素的不同，对施工技术方案进行不断优化与完善，确保各个施工工艺与现代化施工技术的高效衔接，确保工程按期保质保量完成，实现工程项目效益最大化。

With the development of China’s economic construction and society, as well as the continuous emergence of new science and technology, the demand for surveying and mapping results is increasing. Surveying and mapping projects show the characteristics of large production scale, high investment amount, high technical requirements, complex construction process and so on. In order to ensure that the surveying and mapping project is completed on time and with high quality, it is difficult for the investor to supervise and manage the project. With the continuous improvement of China’s laws and regulations, the deepening of socialization, specialization, standardization and normalization of engineering supervision work, and the continuous improvement of engineering supervision system, more and more investors choose to supervise and manage surveying and mapping projects with the help of social professional forces.
         In the process of engineering project construction, the level of engineering measurement is the most direct factor affecting the quality of engineering project construction. High level and high quality of engineering measurement is of great significance to ensure the smooth progress of engineering project construction and improve the quality of engineering construction. In order to effectively improve the technical level of engineering survey, we should strengthen the application of advanced surveying and mapping technology, such as digital surveying and mapping technology, whose technical advantages are very prominent. When applied in engineering survey, it can provide strong technical support for engineering survey, ensure the efficient development of engineering construction projects, and improve the quality of engineering construction. Compared with traditional surveying and mapping technology, digital surveying and mapping technology is more accurate and faster. The accuracy of measurement results is very important for a project, which is related to the quality of a project. Therefore, digital surveying and mapping technology not only improves the efficiency of Surveying and mapping in engineering construction, but also helps to improve the quality of the project.

前 言

随着我国经济建设和社会的发展以及新的科学技术的不断出现，对测绘成果的需求日益增强，测绘项目呈现出生产规模大、投资额度高、技术要求高、施工工序复杂等的特点。为了保证测绘项目按时并高质量地完成，单纯由投资方对项目进行监督管理有一定的难度。而随着我国法律法规的不断完善，工程监理工作社会化、专业化以及规范化、正规化的不断深入，工程监理制度不断完善，投资方越来越多地选择借助社会专业力量对测绘项目进行监督管理。
        在工程项目建设过程当中，工程测量水平高低是影响工程项目建设质量最为直接的因素，高水平、高质量的开展工程测量工作，对保证工程项目建设顺利进行，提高工程建设质量意义重大。为了有效提高工程测量技术水平，应当加强先进测绘技术的应用，如数字化测绘技术，其技术优势非常突出，应用于工程测量中，可以为工程测量提供强大的技术支撑， 保证工程建设项目高效开展， 提高工程建设质量。数字化测绘技术相较于传统的测绘技术测量更加精准，测量速度更快。测量结果的准确性对于一项工程来说是十分重要的，关系着一个工程质量的好坏，所以数字化测绘技术不仅仅提高了工程建设中的测绘效率，而且还有利于提高工程质量。