The advancement of science and technology has made great changes in people’s lives. With the rapid economic development, people are paying more and more attention to the protection of resources and the environment. The development of space information technology has fully guaranteed the protection of resources.

This book mainly describes related research on space information technology and resource environmental protection. Through the introduction of the related concepts, components and core technologies of the spatial information system, readers have a preliminary understanding of the spatial information system. Through the introduction of environmental spatial information management, readers can understand the concept, composition and function of geographic information. Starting from the spatial acquisition of environmental information, readers have a deep understanding of the principles of environmental information and the processing of images and models. This book introduces the principles and information processing methods of remote sensing technology, which makes readers more directly see the impact of remote sensing technology on people. Readers can learn more about the development of navigation technology by the introduction of the composition and positioning principles of the global positioning system. The editor introduces the relevant content of the resource and environmental information database, and further finds the application of space information technology in natural resources protection. Monitoring and prevention of environmental disasters can be achieved by remote sensing technology. Global positioning system can provide certain technical and theoretical support for ecological environment protection. With the development of science and technology, the role of geographic information system in environmental protection is becoming more and more obvious. While providing help to people, it can better ensure a good cycle of resource and environmental systems.

前 言

科技的进步使得人们生活发生了巨大改变，经济高速发展的今天，人们越来越多地关注到资源环境的保护中，空间信息技术的发展使得资源环境保护得到了充分地保障。

本书主要讲述了关于空间信息技术和资源环境保护的相关研究，通过空间信息系统相关概念、组成和核心技术的介绍，来对空间信息系统有一个初步的认识。通过对环境空间信息管理的介绍，来了解地理信息的概念、组成、功能。从环境信息的空间获取出发，对环境信息的原理和图像、模型处理进行深入的理解。本书介绍了遥感技术的原理和信息处理方式，可以更直观地看到遥感技术带给人们的影响。通过对全球定位系统构成和定位原理的介绍，使大家更多地了解导航技术的发展。我们对资源环境信息数据库相关内容的介绍，进一步找到空间信息技术在自然资源环境保护中的应用。通过遥感技术，我们能够实现对环境灾害的监控和防治工作。全球定位系统能为生态环境保护提供一定的技术、理论支持。随着科技的发展，地理信息系统在环境保护中的作用也越来越明显，它在为人们提供帮助的同时，能更好地保证资源环境系统的良好循环。

Mental illness refers to the disorder of brain functional activities under the influence of various biological, psychological, and social environmental factors in vivo and in vitro, resulting in disorders of varying degrees of mental activities such as cognitive, emotional,will, and behavior, like severe psychosis, neurosis, mental retardation, personality disorders,etc. China is a country with a large population, and the number of potential mental patients is very large. The external manifestations of these patients with varying degrees of mental illness will have a great impact on their individual lives and work. In severe cases, they may even cause great harm to the society. It is of great significance to analyze the diagnosis, treatment and nursing methods of mental illness to alleviate the suffering of mental illness and reduce the impact of mental patients on society.

The editor have interpreted psychosis treatment and nursing measures from multiple perspectives, including the definition and concept of psychiatric disease, the causes and degree of psychiatric illness, how to diagnose psychiatric patients, some common psychiatric treatment and nursing methods, such as the treatment and nursing methods of schizophrenia, the treatment and nursing methods of patients with depression, the treatment and nursing methods of neurosis, and the search for more suitable psychiatric nursing and treatment measures, from the perspective of psychotherapy to explore the family relationship of mental patients, and rehabilitation treatment of mental conditions of mental patients from the perspective of family relations.

前 言

精神疾病是指在体内外各种生理、心理、社会环境因素的影响下，大脑功能活动发生紊乱，导致认识、情感、意志和行为等精神活动不同程度障碍的疾病，如重性精神病、神经症、精神发育迟滞、人格障碍等。我国是一个人口大国，潜在精神病患者的数量非常大，而这部分患者所持有的不同程度的精神病的外在表现会对其个体的生活与工作产生极大的影响，严重情况下甚至会对社会造成极大危害，分析精神病的确诊治疗与护理方式对于缓解精神病痛苦，降低精神病患者对于社会所产生的影响具有非常重要的意义。

本人从多个角度对精神病治疗与护理措施进行阐释，包含精神病的定义和概念，精神病产生的原因以及影响精神病程度，如何对精神病患者进行确诊，部分常见精神疾病的治疗和护理方式，例如对于精神分裂症的治疗和护理方式、对于抑郁症患者的治疗和护理方式、对于神经官能症的治疗和护理方式以及寻找更合适的精神病护理和治疗措施，从心理治疗角度来进行探究、探究精神病患者的家庭关系，以及从家庭关系角度对于精神病患者的精神状况进行康复治疗。

Engineering economics is the core course in the economic platform course of engineering management specialty, and also the required course of civil engineering specialty. Engineering economics is a new marginal discipline that carries out technical and economic analysis, calculation, evaluation and comparison of engineering construction projects and it selects the best scheme with advanced technology, reasonable economy, feasible practice, significant economic effect and obvious social benefit, and provides scientific basis for engineering project decision-making.

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the scale of engineering construction is getting larger and larger, and the quality requirements of engineering projects are getting higher and higher. A large number of compound talents who are familiar with both engineering technology and related knowledge and skills such as economy, management and law are needed. Therefore, engineering technology and management personnel must master certain knowledge of engineering economics.

This book tries to be simple and practical in content. It not only combines the knowledge requirements in the professional qualification examination of registered engineers, but also follows the principle of “emphasizing theory and strengthening practice” in the cultivation of undergraduate talents.

This book references and quotes a large number of domestic and foreign experts and scholars’ works, and hereby expresses our respect and heartfelt thanks to them.

Due to the limited academic level and practical experience of the editor, it is inevitable that there are some defects in the book. We would appreciate your criticism and correction.

前 言

工程经济学是工程管理专业经济平台课程中的核心课程，也是土木工程类专业的必修课。工程经济学是对工程建设项目进行技术和经济分析，计算、评价和比较，从中选出技术上先进、经济上合理、实践中可行、经济效果显著、社会效益明显的最优方案，为工程项目决策提供科学依据的一门新兴的边缘学科。

随着我国经济快速发展，工程建设规模越来越大，工程项目质量要求也越来越高，需要一大批既懂工程技术，又熟悉经济、管理、法律等相关知识和技能的复合型人才。因此，工程技术和管理人员必须掌握一定的工程经济学知识。

本书在内容上力求深入浅出，简洁实用，既结合注册工程师执业资格考试中的知识要求，同时也遵循本科人才培养“重理论，强实践”的原则。

本书参考和引用了大量国内外专家、学者的论著，在此向他们表达我们的敬意和衷心的感谢。

由于编者的学术水平和实践经验有限，书中不妥之处在所难免，敬请各位读者批评指正，我们将不胜感激。

The formwork and supporting system must meet the following requirements: to ensure the accuracy of the shape, size and mutual position of the structure and components, to have sufficient bearing capacity, stiffness and stability, to make the structure as simple as possible, easy to install and dismantle, and to be used repeatedly, to make the joints tight without leakage; to make the material selection of the formwork economical and applicable, and to reduce the construction cost of the formwork as much as possible. Wood formwork was first used as a formwork engineering material. The main advantage of the small formwork is that it can be assembled freely, and it is especially suitable for pouring concrete structures or components with complex shapes and few quantities. Since the technical policy of “replacing wood with steel” was put forward in 1970s, China’s formwork technology has formed three series of industrialized formwork systems of modular, instrumental, and permanent.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete frame structure is one of the common structures of multi-storey factory buildings and civil buildings. This kind of prefabricated building is composed of reinforced concrete prefabricated components to form the main skeleton structure, and then assembled with fixed assembly parts, which are divided into maintenance, separation, decoration and equipment installation. The prefabricated frame structure mainly has two structural forms: beam plate structure and non beam structure. The beam-slab structure is composed of columns, beams (including primary beams and

secondary beams) and floor slabs. The non beam structure is composed of columns, column caps and slabs, which are mostly constructed by lifting slab method. Assembly buildings have a long history in China. After all, Chinese traditional buildings are basically wooden structures. From the slave society, China has had wooden structures, and wooden structures are the original origins of prefabricated buildings. The construction of Chinese wooden structures is divided into component manufacturing sites (factories) and building assembly sites (work sites). All building components are manufactured in the factory. The manufactured components are columns, beams, sparrows (short beams and decorative beams), bucket arches (longitudinal beam connectors), partitions (doors, windows, walls), thresholds (upper threshold , middle threshold, lower threshold), collars, eaves and cornices, railings, abutments. When the components are completed, they will be transported to the construction site for assembly.

前 言

模板及支承系统必须符合以下规定：要能保证结构和构件的形状、尺寸以及相互位置的准确；具有足够的承载能力、刚度和稳定性；构造力求简单，装拆方便，能多次周转使用；接缝要严密不漏浆；模板选材要经济适用，尽可能降低模板的施工费用。木模板最早被人们用作为模板工程材料。木模板的主要优点是制作拼装随意，尤其适用于浇筑外形复杂、数量不多的混凝土结构或构件。我国的模板技术，自从 20 世纪 70 年代提出“以钢代木”的技术政策以来，已形成组合式、工具化、永久式三大系列工业化模板体系。

装配式钢筋混凝土框架结构是多层厂房与民用建筑常用结构之一，这类装配式建筑是以钢筋混凝土预制构件组成主体骨架结构，再用定型装配件装配，分为维护、分隔、装修、装饰以及设备安装等部分。装配式框架结构主要有梁板式和无梁式两种结构形式，梁板式结构由柱、梁（包括主梁、次梁）及楼板组成；无梁式结构由柱、柱帽、板组成，这种结构大多采用升板法施工。

装配建筑在中国源远流长，追根溯源，中国传统建筑基本是木结构建筑，从奴隶社会开始中国就有了木结构建筑，而木结构建筑就是装配式建筑的原始起源建筑。中国木结构建筑建造时分为构件制作场地（工厂）、建筑装配场地（工地）。所有建筑构件都在工厂制作，制作的构件有柱、枋（梁）、雀枋（短梁和装饰梁）、斗拱（纵向梁连接件）、隔扇（门、窗、墙）、门槛（上门槛、中门槛、下门槛）、领子、檐和飞檐、栏杆、台基。当构件制作完成后，将构件运到施工现场进行装配。

With the rapid development of China’s construction industry, people pay attention to the quality management and safety work of construction projects. At present, there are still some problems in the construction project management, such as the management market is not standardized, there are many factors affecting the construction quality, which seriously affect the quality and safety of the construction. For example, the large difference of construction materials, the change of construction environment and the wear of construction machinery will cause some quality problems and safety accidents in construction. Therefore, strengthening construction management, improving construction quality and progress, reducing construction cost and ensuring personal safety become the primary task of construction enterprises.

As an important part of construction project management, project cost management runs through the whole construction process, and is a dynamic, complex and comprehensive management activity. With the development of socialist market economy, construction enterprises need to strengthen the management of project cost in order to obtain greater economic benefits. But in real life, there are some problems in project cost management. Therefore, in the new era, it is an important and urgent task for people to strengthen the research on the project cost management and its existing problems.

This book will briefly discuss earthwork, foundation and foundation engineering, masonry engineering, reinforced concrete engineering, prestressed concrete engineering, structural hoisting engineering, steel structure engineering, waterproof engineering, decoration engineering, winter and rain construction, introduction to engineering cost, principle of construction engineering quota, preparation and determination of construction engineering cost, etc.

前 言

随着我国建筑业的飞速发展，建筑工程质量管理和安全工作引起了人们的关注。目前在建筑工程管理中仍存在着管理市场不规范，建筑建设质量影响因素较多等问题，严重影响到建筑的质量和安全。例如，施工材料差异大、施工环境变化多以及施工机械磨损问题等，将会引起建筑工程施工中的一些质量问题和安全事故。为此，加强建筑工程施工管理，提高建筑的质量与进度，降低施工成本，确保人身的安全成为施工企业首要的任务。

工程造价管理作为建筑工程管理中的重要环节，其贯穿于整个建筑工程的建设过程，是一项具有动态性、复杂性、综合性特性的管理活动。随着社会主义市场经济的发展，建筑工程的施工企业要想获得更大的经济利益，需要强化对工程造价的管理。但在现实生活中，工程造价管理存在着一些问题。因此，在新时期加强对工程造价管理与其存在问题的研究，是当前摆在人们面前的一项重大而又紧迫的任务。

本书将对土方工程、地基与基础工程、砌体工程、钢筋混凝土工程、预应力混凝土工程、结构吊装工程、钢结构工程、防水工程、装饰装修工程、冬期与雨期施工、工程造价概论、建筑工程定额原理、建筑工程造价的编制与确定等进行简要的论述。