In today’s faster and faster pace of life, due to the pressure of work, unhealthy lifestyle and other factors, breast thyroid disease is showing a high incidence trend. It is an urgent need for people to pursue health, understand disease-related knowledge and actively promote disease rehabilitation. With the continuous improvement of modern people’s cultural level, the understanding of diseases is not limited to simple popular science books. They are often eager to understand the causes, manifestations, related examination, rehabilitation, prevention and other professional knowledge of diseases, so that they can make the best choice of actively cooperating with treatment when discovering diseases. In the recovery period of the disease, they can recover to the best state as much as possible, and they can adopt a more healthy lifestyle by understanding the relevant factors of the disease.
    Combined with the latest diagnosis and treatment technology and clinical experience of breast and thyroid diseases in recent years, this book comprehensively and systematically introduces the general situation of breast diseases, health education of breast related diseases and common diagnosis and treatment technologies, overview of thyroid diseases, health education of thyroid related diseases and common diagnosis and treatment technologies.
    This book is comprehensive, informative, specialized and practical, and has strong guidance. It is a necessary reference book for breast and thyroid surgeons, and also a must read book for young doctors. Due to the fact that the book was compiled in a short time after busy medical treatment, teaching and scientific research, it is inevitable that there are omissions or even errors in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

在生活节奏越来越快的今天，由于工作的压力、不健康的生活方式等因素，乳腺甲状腺疾病呈高发趋势。追求健康、了解疾病相关知识、积极促进疾病的康复是人们的迫切需要。现代人的文化程度不断提高，对疾病的了解不仅只限于简单的科普读物，他们常常渴望了解疾病的发生原因、表现形式、相关的检查、康复、预防等专业知识，使他们在发现疾病时能够做出积极配合治疗的最佳选择，在疾病的康复期能够最大限度地康复到最佳状态，通过了解疾病的相关因素能够采取更加健康的生活方式。
      本书结合近年来乳腺甲状腺疾病最新诊疗技术和临床经验，全面系统地介绍了乳腺疾病的概况、乳腺相关疾病及常见诊疗技术的健康教育、甲状腺疾病的概况、甲状腺相关疾病及常见诊疗技术的健康教育。
      本书内容全面，资料翔实，专而实用，技术规范，具有较强的指导性，是乳腺甲状腺外科医师案头必备的工具书，更是青年医师必读之书。由于是在繁忙紧张的医疗、教学、科研之余编写，时间仓促，故书中疏漏甚或谬误之处难免，恳请读者见谅，并望批评指正。

Practical clinical obstetrics and gynecology is a special subject in clinical medicine. It involves both internal and external departments, and integrates gynecology and pediatrics. With the rapid development of medicine, the knowledge and technology in the field of obstetrics and gynecology are constantly updated. Women account for about half of the total population of our country, and nearly 100000 medical staff are engaged in obstetrics and gynecology. They are a huge team that needs to be improved and trained, especially young and middle-aged doctors. Therefore, it is urgent to compile a reference book suitable for obstetrics and gynecology clinicians on this basis.
    This book includes perinatal medicine, reproductive medicine, general gynecology and gynecological tumors. On the basis of certain theoretical knowledge, it focuses on the clinical practice part, which reflects the clinical frontier level of obstetrics and gynecology in China, and puts forward some new theories and opinions in the academic field; the layout is novel, which integrates the anatomy and physiology with the clinical part, which is easy for readers to understand and remember.

前 言

《实用临床妇产科学》是临床医学中具有特殊性的一门学科。它涉及内、外两大学科，又将妇、儿科融合一体。随着医学的飞速发展，妇产科学领域中的知识和技术也不断更新。妇女约占我国人口总数的一半，从事妇产科的医护人员近 10 万，是一支庞大的又亟需提高和培养的队伍，尤其是中、青年医师。因此，在此基础上编写一本适合于妇产科临床医师的参考书可谓是当务之急。
      本书包括围生医学、生殖医学、普通妇科及妇科肿瘤。它在一定的理论知识基础上，重点突出了临床实践部分，内容反映了我国妇产科临床前沿水平，并在学术上提出了一些新的理论和见解；编排格式新颖，将解剖生理与临床部分融会贯通，便于读者理解和记忆。

As a basic industrial project, water conservancy project needs to strengthen management and control in the construction quality. At present, there are still some deficiencies in the management and control of concrete construction of hydraulic structures in China, resulting in cracks in concrete. In this regard, the construction unit should find out the causes of concrete cracks in hydraulic structures, and then take appropriate measures to improve them in time.
    Hydraulic structure is a kind of social building groups, and is an organic part of the local environment. With the development of economy and society, the appearance of hydraulic structures is paid more and more attention. The appearance quality control of hydraulic structures is mainly in design and construction. The quality of appearance design is not only convenient for construction, but also characteristic when the building meets the requirements of operation function. The quality of construction is reflected in the implementation effect of buildings. The common appearance quality defects are honeycomb and pockmarked surface, different color and color, and too many bubbles, which should be controlled from the construction technology and the quality of building materials.
    At present, China’s water conservancy construction is constantly developing and improving, hydraulic structure is a very important part of water conservancy project. For hydraulic structures on clay foundation, if we want to strengthen the bearing capacity and stability of hydraulic structures, we usually use pile foundation, excavation and replacement foundation, excavation and pouring concrete and other forms. However, if the anti-seepage function of the foundation is fully considered in this process, the excavation and replacement of cement soil foundation can show the best effect, and its effect is better than other foundation forms.

前 言

水利工程作为基础产业工程，需要在建筑施工质量上加强管理控制。目前在我国的水工建筑物混凝土施工管理控制方面， 还存在一些不足， 致使混凝土出现裂缝。对此，施工单位要找出水工建筑物混凝土裂缝出现的原因，然后采取合适的方法及时加以改进。
      水工建筑物是社会各建筑群体中的一类，是所在地环境的一个有机组成部分，随着经济社会的发展，水工建筑物的外观越来越受到重视。水工建筑物的外观质量控制主要在设计与施工两个环节。外观设计的质量表现在建筑物满足运行功能要求的情况下，既方便施工，又具有特色。施工的质量表现在建筑物的实施效果。常见的外观质量缺陷主要有蜂窝麻面、色泽不一、气泡偏多，应从施工工艺、建筑材料的质量等方面加以控制。
        当前我国的水利工程建设在不断地发展和完善，水工建筑物是水利工程中非常重要的一个部分，对于黏土地基上的水工建筑物，如果从加强水工建筑物的承载力和稳定性来说我们通常会使用桩基础、 开挖换填基础和开挖浇筑混凝土等多种形式，但是如果在这一过程中还要充分地考虑到基础的防渗功能，开挖换填水泥土基础形式能够展现出最好的效果，其效果要比其他的基础形式更好。

With the revolutionary development of human industry, on the one hand, it strongly promotes the progress of science and technology, and the process of industrialization and urbanization leads to the rise of construction industry; on the other hand, it also directly leads to a series of problems endangering the survival and healthy development of human beings, such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, ozone hole greenhouse effect, dust storm El Nino phenomenon, population expansion, etc. It is in such a world background that green building emerges as the times require, and gradually forms a new concept and new consciousness with wide influence. Green building not only pays attention to the relationship between buildings and people, but also pays attention to the relationship between resource consumption and resource utilization efficiency. Its goal principle is to establish a harmonious, safe and healthy symbiotic relationship between man and nature, so as to minimize the consumption of earth resources, the optimal and efficient use of resources, and to meet the living and comfortable needs of human beings to the maximum extent. China has vast cities, large population, environmental degradation.Resources is lack and the distribution is unreasonable. Differences among natural, economic and social are prominent. The development of green building has special scientific status and social, economic and environmental significance. Therefore, it is necessary for architects, planners, civil engineers, equipment engineers, environmental engineers and other relevant technical personnel to establish the professional awareness of green building, improve the technical ability of green building, and improve the service level of green building.
    Green building and green construction technology is an important part of the sustainable development of the construction industry. It is also the basic requirement of the construction industry to save resources and energy and protect the ecological environment. Based on this, the author organized and compiled this textbook, hoping to meet the needs of managers and professional technicians in the field of engineering construction to learn green building and green construction technology.

前 言

随着人类工业革命性发展，一方面有力地推动了科学技术进步，工业化城市化进程导致建筑工业的崛起;另一方面也直接导致了危及全人类生存安全、 存续健康发展的一系列问题，诸如资源枯竭、环境恶化、臭氧空洞温室效应、沙尘暴厄尔尼诺现象、人口膨胀等。正是在这样的世界背景下，绿色建筑应运而生，并逐步形成了具有广泛影响的新概念、新意识。绿色建筑不仅关注建筑与人的关系，同时关注资源消耗与资源使用效率的关系。其目标原则是建立人与自然之间和谐、安全、健康的共生关系，以最小消耗地球资源、最优高效使用资源、最大限度地满足人类宜居和舒适生存需求。我国地城辽阔、人口众多、环境恶化、资源匮乏且分布不合理，自然、经济与社会条件差异性突出，发展绿色建筑具有特殊的科学地位和社会、经
济、环境意义。因此，建立绿色建筑职业意识，完善绿色建筑技术能力，提高绿色建筑服务水平，理应成为广大建筑师、规划师、土木工程师、设备工程师、环境工程师等相关技术人员，面对当今社会与未来社会执业的必备职业基础和条件。

绿色建筑和绿色施工技术，是建筑业可持续发展的重要组成部分，也是建筑业本身必须做到节约资源能源和保护生态环境的基本要求。正是立足于此，我们组织编写了本教材，期望满足工程建设领域管理人员和专业技术人员学习绿色建筑和绿色施工技术的需求。

In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s infrastructure, China has established the basic national policy with economic construction as the center, and increased the scale of capital construction investment. In this context, highway construction, especially high-grade highway and bridge construction, has been developing rapidly. At the same time, railway construction, especially high-speed railway construction, has entered a period of rapid development. In addition, with the development of urbanization, municipal roads and subway projects have also been booming. The rapid development of the above-mentioned transportation industry determines the demand gap of a large number of road and bridge professional and technical personnel, and it has become an inevitable trend to cultivate talents with one specialty and multiple abilities.
    This book systematically describes the basic knowledge of road and bridge engineering, introduces the development history and main construction technology of bridge engineering construction technology, reflects the rapid progress of domestic road and bridge engineering construction technology and management technology, especially the promulgation of various new specifications and standards, and the continuous promotion and use of new technology and new technology. The construction technology of subgrade, pavement and upper and lower part of bridge is changing with each passing day. However, there are still many problems and difficulties in it. It is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable management system to ensure the smooth development of road and bridge engineering and promote the economic development of our country.
    Due to the lack of experience of the editor, there are inevitably omissions and deficiencies in the book. Readers are requested to give more valuable comments for revision in the second edition.

前 言

近年来，随着我国基础建设的飞速发展，我国确立了以经济建设为中心的基本国策，加大了基本建设投资规模。在此背景下，公路建设事业，尤其是高等级公路和桥梁建设得到快速发展。与此同时，铁路建设尤其是高速铁路建设也进入快速发展时期。此外，随着城镇化进程的日益推进，市政道路与地铁工程也得到了蓬勃发展。上述运输行业的高速发展决定了大量路桥专业技术人才的需求缺口，培养一专多能人才已成为当前必然趋势。
        本书系统地阐述了道路与桥梁工程的基本知识，介绍了桥梁工程施工技术的发展历史和主要施工技术， 体现出国内道路与桥梁工程施工技术与管理技术突飞猛进，特别是各项新规范、新标准的颁布以及新技术、新工艺的不断推广使用，路基路面和桥梁上下部施工技术日新月异。但是在其中仍然存在很多的问题和难点，需要对其建立完善科学合理的管理制度， 保证道路桥梁工程顺利开展， 促进我国经济发展。
       由于编者经验不足，书中难免存在疏漏与不足之处，敬请读者多提宝贵意见，以便再版时修订。