At present, water resources are increasingly affecting the economic and social development and the improvement of ecological environment. The total amount of water resources in China is relatively rich, but the per capita share of water resources in China is low, and the spatial and temporal distribution is uneven, which does not match the land resources and economic layout, so it is difficult to develop and utilize water resources. On the whole, it is faced with serious drought and flood disasters, prominent contradiction between supply and demand, extensive water use methods, and great pressure on water ecological environment. With the continuous growth of population, acceleration of urbanization, economic and social development, improvement of people’s living standards and global climate change, the contradictions and problems of water resources in China will continue to intensify, especially in the northern region. Due to the influence of continuous drought and human activities, the problem of water resources is more prominent.
    The problem of water resources and water environment is being paid attention to by all walks of life. Reasonable development and utilization of water resources, scientific treatment of sewage, and strengthening the management and protection of water resources have become an important means and guarantee measures for the sustainable development of human environment, economy and society. The protection of water resources and the treatment of water pollution are very important contents. Therefore, it is necessary to put the protection of water resources in a more important position. It is proposed to strengthen environmental protection, actively promote regional environmental governance of key river basins, urban sewage and garbage treatment, agricultural non-point source pollution control, comprehensive treatment of heavy metal pollution, and strengthening the development of water resources science and technology. The rational utilization and protection of water resources is not only a major strategy that must be vigorously developed and urgently promoted in our country at this stage, but also a common subject faced by human society

前 言

当前，水资源正日益影响着我国区城经济社会发展与生态环境改善。我国水资源总量较为丰富，但是我国水资源人均占有量低、时空分布不均，与国土资源和经济布局不相匹配，开发利用难度大，总体上面临着旱涝灾害严重、供需矛盾突出、用水方式粗放、水生态环境压力大等水问题。随着我国人口不断增长、城市化进程加快、经济社会发展、人民生活水平提高和全球气候变化，我国水资源面临的矛盾与问题会不断加剧，特别是北方地区，由于气候持续干旱和人类活动的影响，水资源间题更加突出。
       水资源水环境问题正受到各界的关注和重视。合理开发与利用水资源，科学治理污水，加强水资源管理与保护已经成为当前人类维持环境、经济和社会可持续发展的重要手段和保证措施。水资源的保护和水污染的治理都是十分重要的内容，因此要把水资源保护摆到更加重要的位置，提出要加强环境保护，积极推进重点流域区域环境治理及城镇污水垃圾处理、农业面源污染治理、重金属污染综合整治、加强水资源科技发展等工作。水资源的合理利用与保护，不仅是我国现阶段必须大力发展和急需推进的重大战略，更是人类社会共同面临的课题。 

Human beings have experienced six information technology revolutions.
     Language ability is the watershed between human beings and animals. The emergence of language is a key step in the evolution of apes to humans. From then on, human beings have separated from the animal world. This can be regarded as the first information technology revolution of mankind.
     The emergence of text, so that information can be recorded, saved. This is the second information technology revolution.
    The invention of paper and printing can be called the third information technology revolution. Because of paper and printing, all the achievements of human civilization can be widely recorded, spread and carried forward. So far, the inheritance of human history and knowledge mainly relies on the paper media.
     At the beginning of the 20th century, the discovery of electromagnetic wave and the invention of radio technology made the long-distance and instant transmission of information a reality. Human beings really felt the power of science. This is worthy of being called the fourth information technology revolution in human history.
    With the industrial revolution, the application of electricity and the emergence of electronic technology have led to a series of inventions and creations in the field of information, such as radio, television, telephone, telegraph, mobile communication, photography, recording and video recording and information storage technology, etc., especially important is the emergence of integrated circuit and the birth of electronic computer. We attribute the invention and creation of information field in this period to the fifth information technology revolutions.
    At the end of the 20th century, the emergence of the Internet should be the sixth information technology revolution. The reason why it should be listed separately is that it has almost subverted the way of human life for thousands of years, and its potential influence on human development is far from over.
    Today, we can say without exaggeration that mankind has stood on the eve of another new information technology revolution. This information technology revolution will surpass the previous six revolutions. Mobile Internet, cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and robots will once again change the way of life and production of human society. In particular, we must point out that 5g communication is inevitable. To this end, here for the readers in the communication technology leading city teaching and research results. The reason why this book is named Research on the Application of New Communication Technology and Information System is that we hope that what we give readers is the new things that keep pace with the times in this leading city. Of course, in order to connect the preceding and the following, we must start with the traditional communication technology, but most of the content comes from the latest research results and engineering practice, which is closely related to people’s life and work.

前 言

人类已经经历了六次信息技术的革命。
      语言能力是人类与动物的分水岭。语言的出现是猿进化到人的过程中关键的一步，从此，人类脱离了动物世界。这可以算作人类的第一次信息技术革命。
      文字的出现，让信息可以被记录，被保存。这是第二次信息技术革命。
      纸和印刷术的发明可以称为第三次信息技术革命。因为有了纸和印刷术，所有人类文明成果才得以广泛地被记载、传播和发扬光大。迄今为止，人类的历史和知识得以传承主要依赖纸质媒体。
      20 世纪初，电磁波的发现和无线电技术的发明，让信息的远距离即时传播成为现实，人类真正感受到了科学的力量，这当之无愧地称得上人类历史上的第四次信息技术革命。
      伴随着工业革命，电的应用和电子技术的出现带动了一系列信息领域的发明和创造，如广播、电视、电话、电报、移动通信、照相、录音录像和信息存储技术等等，尤为重要的是集成电路的出现和电子计算机的诞生，我们把这个时期的信息领域的发明创造归结为第五次信息技术革命。
      20 世纪末，互联网的出现应该是第六次信息技术革命，之所以要把它单独列出来，是因为它的出现几乎颠覆了人类几千年的生活方式，而且，它对人类发展的潜在影响力还远远没有结束。
       今天，我们可以毫不夸张地说，人类已经站到了又一次新的信息技术革命的前夜，这次信息技术革命将超越前六次革命，移动互联、云计算、大数据、人工智能、机器人将又一次改变人类社会的生活和生产方式。特别要指出的是，我们不可回避的 5G 通信将大行其道。为此，在这里为读者奉上多年以来在通信技术领城教学和科研的一些成果。本书之所以以“通信新技术与信息系统应用研究”为名，就是希望我们给予读者的是这个领城里与时俱进的新东西。当然为了承上启下，我们必须从传统的通信技术讲起，但大部分内容都来自于当前最新的研究成果与工程实践，与人们的生活和工作息息相关。

Water is the main basic material for the survival and development of human society. ith the increase of population and the continuous improvement of urbanization level, the demand for water resources is also increasing, but the supply of water resources is quite limited. The shortage of water resources and the pollution of water environment have become one of the major problems attracting worldwide attention. The crisis of water resources is increasingly perplexing the survival and development of human beings. China is a country with less fresh water resources per capita in the world, which is listed as one of the global poor water countries by the United Nations. Water resources and water environment have become the restricting factors for the sustainable development of social economy, and some serious water shortage areas have greatly affected people’s normal life. In addition to natural causes, the impact of human factors is also very prominent. The lack of systematic planning of water resources utilization, waste of water and extensive management lead to the coexistence of water shortage and waste, shortage and pollution, which aggravates the lack of water resources and forms water resources crisis to a certain extent.
    How to deal with the water problem depends not only on the scientific and technological and economic basis, but also on the rational planning and scientific management of water administrative departments. Water resources planning and management is formed under this background. It is an important part of water conservancy work, and plays an important guiding role in the rational development and utilization, optimal allocation and effective protection of water resources.
    Due to the limited experience of the editor, there are inevitably shortcomings and errors in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

水是人类社会赖以生存和发展的主要基础物质。随着人口的增加，城市化水平的不断提高，对水资源的需求量亦不断增加，而水资源供给却相当有限，水资源短缺和水环境污染已成为举世瞩目的重大问题之一，水资源危机日益困扰着人类的生存和发展。我国是世界上人均占有淡水资源较少的国家，被联合国列为全球贫水国之一。水资源和水环境已成为制约了社会经济持续发展的制约要素，个别严重缺水地区已经极大地影响了人民正常生活。水资源危机的产生，除自然原因外，人为因素的影响也非常突出。水资源利用缺乏系统的规划，用水浪费，管理粗放，造成水的短缺与浪费、短缺与污染并存，从而更加剧了水资源的缺乏，在一定程度上形成了水资源危机。
       如何应对水问题，不仅要靠科学技术和经济基础来保障，更要靠水行政主管部门的合理规划和科学管理。水资源规划与管理正是在这一背景下形成的，它是水利工作的重要组成部分，对水资源的合理开发利用、优化调配和有效保护具有重要的指导作用。
       由于编者的经验有限，书中难免存在缺点和错误，敬请各位读者给子批评和指正。

In recent years, with the progress and development of economy and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, our demand for material and environment is increasing, and human beings pay more attention to environmental protection. Environmental pollution has a serious impact on the ecological construction of our city and country. In the development and progress of our country, ecological urban construction has become a trend. The protection and reasonable planning of ecological system plays an important role in the national ecological construction. This book focuses on the ecological construction and development prospects of urban and rural areas.
       The main contents of this book are: to carry out in-depth study on domestic and foreign ecological construction projects of urban and rural areas, so as to plan ecological resources more reasonably combined with experience, and understand the main purpose and core idea of ecological construction city; the main influence of environmental pollution on ecological construction is discussed in detail; the concept, development pattern and nature of urban landscape; the impact of urban construction on the environment, the urban planning principles of ecosystem; to understand the concept and ultimate goal of urban ecology, so as to make reasonable planning; the standard of urban ecological construction land and the overall planning and layout scheme and compilation system; the planning and layout of the city’s industry, transportation, storage and road system is an important factor in the city’s composition.

前 言

近年来，伴随着经济的进步与发展，人们生活水平的不断提升，我们对于物质与环境的需求日益增加，人类对于环境的保护更加重视。环境的污染对于我们赖以生存的城市与国家在生态化建设上有着严重的影响。在国家的发展进步中，生态化的城市建设已经成为一种趋势，生态系统的保护与合理规划对国家的生态建设有着重要作用。本书主要针对城乡生态化建设与发展前景进行深入的研究与探讨。
       本书的主要内容是：对于国内外的城乡生态化建设项目进行深入研究，从而结合经验更加合理的规划生态资源，明白生态化建设城市的主要目的及核心思想；环境污染对于生态化建设的主要影响，对于环境污染的各种因素进行详细探讨；城市景观的概念与发展格局、性质；城市的建设对于环境的影响，生态系统的城市规划原则；明白城市生态化的概念与最终目的，从而进行合理规划；城市生态化建设用地的标准以及总体的规划布局方案与编制体系；城市的工业、交通、仓储、道路等体系的规划布置是城市构成的要因素。

Urban infrastructure construction is the basis of urban survival and development, the symbol of urban modernization level and the important foundation of national sustainable development. With the rapid development of China’s economy, the contradiction between infrastructure investment demand and government financial infrastructure investment is growing. Multiple investment, public-private cooperation, giving full play to the advantages of the government's public departments and private enterprises, and realizing the “win-win” or “{multi win” PPP mode of social welfare and enterprise economic benefits came into being. As an innovative financing mode to effectively attract private capital and technology, PPP mode has been developing rapidly in China in recent ten years. PPP, as a new project financing mode, risk control is the core issue of project financing. Due to the large number of participants and different preferences for risks, the financing risk allocation agreement is complex. How to effectively allocate the risks among the participants and establish the risk sharing mode framework of Urban Infrastructure PPP projects to guide the reasonable risk sharing and benefit allocation of PPP projects is the key to ensure the success of the project.
     Infrastructure plays an important role in national economic and social development. Both developed and developing countries are actively accelerating the construction of public facilities in order to increase national competitiveness. Based on the externality of public facilities, the public sector has traditionally assumed the responsibility of providing public facilities directly. However, in the face of the growing demand for public services, due to the shortage of funds and the lack of long-term and effective management, governments of various countries have turned to rethink the rationality and feasibility of providing infrastructure construction and operation by private sector. Infrastructure has changed from traditional government provision to market supply. BOT, boo, boot, TOT, PFI and other financing modes are playing an increasingly important role in urban infrastructure construction.
     Through the cooperation between the government and the private sector, the public-private partnership can jointly develop infrastructure, realize the expected interests of all parties involved, and share the responsibility and financing risk. Because PPP mode can provide public services with higher quality and higher efficiency, it has attracted the attention of theoretical and industrial circles.
    The application of PPP model in the world has become a trend. Many countries have established central institutions to manage and coordinate these projects. The World Bank estimates that 40% of total infrastructure investment in developing countries is provided by the private sector. The policy of promoting public construction with PPP mode has become a new way for all countries to compete.

前 言

城市基础设施建设是城市生存和发展的基础，是城市现代化水平的标志，是国家可持续发展的重要基础。 随着我国经济的快速发展,基础设施投资需求与政府财政基础设施投资之间的矛盾日益增长。多元投资，公私合作，发挥政府公共部和民营企业各自的禀赋优势，实现社会福利和企业经济效益的“双赢”或“多赢”的 PPP模式应运而生。 PPP 模式作为一种有效吸引私人资金和技术的创新性融资模式也于近十几年开始在我国迅速发展起来， PPP 作为一种新型的项目融资模式，风险控制是项目融资的核心问题，由于参与方众多，且对风险有不同的偏好，融资风险分配协议复杂，如何将风险在各参与方之间进行有效分配，建立城市基础设施 PPP 项目风险分担的模式框架，以指导 PPP 项目的风险分担和利益分配合理，是确保项目取得成功的关键。
       基础设施在国民经济和社会发展中起着重要的作用， 不论是发达国家,还是发展中国家，都积极加速公共设施建设，以期增加国家竞争力。基于公共设施的外部性，传统上,公共部门义无反顾地承担起直接提供公共设施的责任。然而，面对日趋增长的公共服务需求，政府部门由于资金紧缺，缺乏长期而有效的经营管理,各国政府转而重新思考由私营机构参与提供基础设施建设和运营的合理性和可行性。基础设施由传统上的政府提供转向市场供应， BOT、 BOO、 BOOT、 TOT、 PFI 等多种融资模式在城市基础设施建设中发挥出越来越重要的作用。
        公私合作模式通过政府与私营部门的合作共同发展基础设施，实现参与各方的预期利益，同时共同承担责任和融资风险。由于 PPP 模式能够提供更高质量、更高效益的公共服务，从而引起了理论界和产业界的高度重视。
        PPP 模式在全世界的应用已经成为一种趋势，许多国家已经建立了中央机构来管理和协调这些项目。世界银行估计在发展中国家的基础设施总投资中有 40%是由私营机构提供的。以 PPP 模式推动公共建设的政策,遂成了各国竞相当试的新途径。