In recent years, the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects in our country has developed rapidly. A number of large-scale water conservancy projects have been built. And we have got many valuable experiences in this process. Water conservancy and hydropower projects, especially the large-scale projects, involve a large geographical scope, complex and changeable engineering geological conditions, difficult construction conditions, and often various engineering geological problems. Some engineering geological problems are very complex, and require more detailed engineering geological research work.

  Water conservancy and hydropower project management is the effective planning, organization, coordination, control and other system management activities that carried out during the construction period of the project. The purpose is to achieve the optimal project construction under the constraints of construction period, quality, and total
investment, and then meet the predetermined goal. At the same time, as a national infrastructure construction project, water conservancy and hydropower construction projects have such characteristics as long construction period, large investment, extensive social impact and complex social issues, therefore it is necessary for us to conduct effective social evaluation work for the construction and management of water conservancy and hydropower projects.

前 言

近些年，我国水利水电工程建设得到迅猛发展，一批大型水利工程得以兴建并在这个过程中积累了宝贵的经验。水利水电工程，尤其是大型水利水电工程，涉及地域范围大，工程地质条件复杂多变，施工条件困难，往往存在各种各样的工程地质问题，有些工程地质问题还十分复杂，更加需要开展细致的工程地质研究工作。
       水利水电工程项目管理是在项目建设周期内进行的有效规划、组织、协调、控制等系统管理活动，目的是在工期、质量、投资总额的约束条件下实现最优的项目建设，达到预定的目标。同时，水利水电建设项目作为国家基础设施建设项目，由于建设周期长、投资额大、社会影响广泛以及社会问题复杂等特点，因此要对水利水电工程的建设与管理做好社会评价工作。

The construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects is closely related to the society and the natural environment, so there are many factors affecting the implementation of the project. It is necessary to grasp the opportunity, reasonably arrange the plan, carefully organize the construction, and timely solve the problems of flood
  control and flood control in construction to ensure safety. First of all, water conservancy and hydropower projects undertake the tasks of retaining, storing and discharging water, so there are special requirements for stability, pressure bearing, seepage prevention, impact resistance, wear resistance, frost resistance, crack resistance and so on. Special construction methods and measures should be adopted according to the technical specifications of water conservancy and hydropower projects to ensure the quality of the project; secondly, water conservancy and hydropower projects have strict requirements on the foundation, and the projects are often located in areas and parts with complex geological conditions. If the foundation treatment is not good, it will leave hidden dangers, which are difficult to remedy afterwards, and special measures need to be taken; moreover, water conservancy and hydropower projects are mostly constructed in rivers, lakes, coastal areas and other water areas, and water and underwater operations should be carried out according to the natural conditions of water flow and the requirements of engineering construction; finally, water conservancy and hydropower projects should make full use of the construction in dry season, which has strong seasonality and necessary construction intensity. Some projects need to take temperature control measures due to the impact of climate to ensure the quality of the project. The water retaining structures built on the river are related to the life and property safety of the people in the downstream. The construction quality of the project will not only affect the life and benefit of the building, but also affect the cost of reconstruction and maintenance. Once the project fails, it will bring irreparable loss to the national economy, life and property. In the history of water conservancy at home and abroad, there are many painful lessons caused by construction quality problems. Therefore, the construction safety and quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects must be guaranteed.

前 言

水利水电工程施工与社会和自然环境关系密切，因而实施工程的影响因素也较多，需要把握时机，合理安排计划，精心组织施工，及时解决施工中的防洪、度汛等问题，确保安全。
       首先，水利水电工程承担挡水、蓄水和泄水的任务，因而对稳定，承压、防渗、抗冲、耐磨、抗冻、抗裂等性能都有特殊要求，需按照水利水电工程的技术规范，采取专门的施工方法和措施，确保工程质量；其次，水利水电工程对地基的要求比较严格，工程又常处于地质条件比较复杂的地区和部位，地基处理不好就会留下隐患，事后难以补救，需要采取专门的措施；再者，水利水电工程多在河道、湖泊、沿海及其他水域施工，需根据水流的自然条件及工程建设的要求进行水上及水下作业；最后，水利水电工程要充分利用枯水期施工，具有很强的季节性和必要的施工强度，有的工程因受气候影响还需采取温度控制措施，以确保工程质量。河流上修建的挡水建筑物，关系着下游人民的生命财产安全。工程的施工质量，不但会影响建筑物的寿命和效益，而且会影响改建和维修的费用。工程一旦失事，对国民经济及生命财产会带来不可弥补的损失。国内外的水利史上不乏因施工质量问题而导致的一些惨痛教训，因此，水利水电工程施工必须保证施工安全与工程质量。

Water is an important component of nature, the source of life, the important resource indispensable for human life and social development, and the most active element in the ecological environment. Affected by climate, China's water resources are unevenly distributed in time and space. The amount of water between different regions, between different years of the same region, and between flood seasons and dry seasons of a year differ greatly, resulting in the contradictions of water inflow and water use happen frequently. In order to cope with this contradiction, realize the redistribution of water resources in terms of time and regions, so as to implement flood storage and recovery, to make up for shortages with abundance, to eliminate floods and droughts, and to develop irrigation, power generation, water supply, shipping, aquaculture, tourism and ecological environment conservation etc., it is necessary for different sectors of national economy to build place-based water storage, water diversion, water pumping or inter-basin water transfer. With these, our water resources will be reasonably developed, utilized, and protected.
  In recent years, with the formulation and implementation of a series of water conservancy and hydropower engineering regulations, norms, and rules, the basic construction procedures of water conservancy and hydropower have been further standardized, and the quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects and the overall construction level have been improved and guaranteed. However, as the front-line workers of water conservancy and hydropower construction, especially the quality inspection and control personnel who are responsible for the control and guarantee of the project quality, it is difficult for them to get familiar with new regulations and specifications quickly and use them freely in actual work; meanwhile they will feel hard to apply new materials, new technology, and new methods to improve the scientific character of engineering construction activities. In many years of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction practice, the author deeply understands that front-line quality inspectors urgently need a book that can systematically, aggressively and scientifically solve the above practical problems.

前 言

水是大自然的重要组成物质，是生命的源泉，是人类生活和社会发展不可缺少的重要资源，也是生态环境中最活跃的要素。中国水资源受气候影响，在时间、空间上分布不均匀，不同地区之间，同一地区不同年份之间以及年内汛期和枯水期的水量相差很大，导致来水和用水之间不相适应的矛盾频频发生。国民经济各部门为了解决这一矛盾，实现水资源在时间、地区上的重新分配，做到蓄洪补枯、以丰补缺，消除水旱灾害，发展灌溉、发电、供水、航运、养殖、旅游和维持生态环境等事业，都需要因地制宜地修建蓄水、引水、提水或跨流域调水工程，以使水资源得到合理的开发、利用和保护。
      近年来，随着一系列水利水电工程规程、规范和规章制度的制订实施，进一步规范了水利水电基本建设程序，提高和保证了水利水电工程质量，以及整体建设的水平。但是，作为水利水电建设的一线工作人员，尤其是控制和保证工程质量的质量检查和控制人员，很难尽快熟悉掌握新的规程规范，并在实际工作中自如运用；同时难以将新材料、新技术、新工艺、新方法应用于提高工程建设活动的科学性中。作者在多年水利水电工程建设实践中深切地认识到一线质量检查员迫切需要一本能系统、先进、科学解决以上实际问题的工具书。

With the rapid development of China’s social economy, the development of different industries has achieved remarkable results, and so does water conservancy project industry. Different from the ordinary construction project, the implementation process of water conservancy project and construction project is different, of course, there are also some functional differences. Water conservancy project plays a key role in the development of agriculture in China. In recent years, China’s water conservancy construction has gradually introduced advanced technology, which can effectively improve the level of water conservancy construction. However, there are still some problems in the process of economic management of water conservancy projects that need to be solved urgently. This book has mainly discussed the current situation of economy and management of Water Conservancy Project, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures, hoping to effectively improve the quality of management of water conservancy project, and promote the sustainable development of China’s water conservancy industry in China.
  Water conservancy project is an important part of the development of water conservancy, which plays a very important role in the reasonable distribution and use of water resources and the safety of life and property of residents in the lower reaches of the river. However, nowadays, with the rapid development, there are still many problems in the implementation of water conservancy projects and economic management, which hinder the long-term and stable development of water conservancy projects to a certain extent. Therefore, we need to carry out reform and innovation in this work, improve the understanding of water conservancy project economic management, accelerate the improvement of management level in the process of continuous learning and development, and promote the long-term stable development of water conservancy project industry.

前 言

伴随着我国社会经济的飞速发展，不同行业的发展也取得了较为显著的成效，水利工程行业的发展也取得了较好的效果。与普通的建筑工程不同的是，水利工程与建筑工程的落实过程不同，当然也存在一些功能上的不同，水利工程在我国农业发展过程中起到了关键作用。 最近几年， 我国水利建设工作逐渐引入了先进的技术，这样能够有效提升我国水利工程建设水平，然而水利工程的经济管理过程中依然存在一些问题急需解决。本书主要论述了水利工程经济管理现状，然后提出了相应的解决对策，希望能够有效提升我国水利工程建设管理工作质量，并推动我国水利行业的可持续发展。
      水利工程是在水利事业发展中的重要一部分，其与水资源的合理分配与使用，保证河流下游居民的生命财产安全方面发挥了十分重要的作用。但是在快速发展的今天，水利工程项目的进行和经济管理方面依然存在着许多的问题，一定程度上阻碍了水利工程对的长期稳定的发展。 因此， 需要在此工作中进行改革与创新的工作，将水利工程经济管理工作进行认识程度的提升，在不断学习与发展过程中加快提升管理水平，促进水利工程行业的长期稳定发展。

Water is an important part of natural resources, which is the main material basis of the structure and life activities of all organisms. From a global perspective, water is the link that connects all ecosystems. Natural ecosystems can not only control the flow of water, but also continuously promote the purification and circulation of water. Therefore, water in the natural environment is of decisive significance for the survival of organisms and human beings. At the same time, water is an indispensable and precious natural resource for human beings. It is an irreplaceable and extremely precious natural resource for industrial and agricultural production, economic development and environmental improvement. It plays an important role in the development of human society. The water environment is one of the basic elements that constitute the environment and an important place for the survival and
development of human society. In recent years, with the development of production and population growth, natural water pollution has intensified, and the contradiction between water supply and demand has become increasingly acute. In order to ensure water safety, predict and evaluate the water environment quality, and carry out water environmentalprotection planning has become an indispensable content of project planning, design, management and water pollution control which has a very important significance and role in ensuring the sustainable development of economy and society.

This article mainly describes the investigation and evaluation of water environment and the prevention and control of water pollution. The implementation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) has indeed made a lot of contributions to China's environmental protection. It is one of the effective measures to control the occurrence of new pollution. It requires scientific prediction and evaluation of the possible environmental problems before the formal occurrence of social and economic activities, and puts forward effective technical measures and regulations to prevent and control environmental damage, so as to nip in the bud.

前 言

水是自然资源的重要组成部分，是所有生物的结构组成和生命活动的主要物质基础。从全球范围来讲，水是连接所有生态系统的纽带，自然生态系统既能控制水的流动，又能不断促使水的净化和循环。因此，水在自然环境中，对于生物和人类的生存来说具有决定性的意义。同时，水是人类不可缺少的非常宝贵的自然资源，是工农业生产、经济发展和环境改善不可替代的极为宝贵的自然资源，它对人类社会的发展起着重要作用。水环境是构成环境的基本要素之一，是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要场所。近年来，随着生产发展和人口增长，天然水体污染加剧，水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐。为了确保用水安全，预测、评价相应的水环境质量状况，进行水环境保护规划， 已成为工程规划设计管理和控制水污染的一项必不可少的内容，这对于保障经济社会的可持续发展具有非常重要的意义和作用。
      本文主要讲述了水环境调查评价和水污染防治的情况。环境影响评价的实施确实为我国的环境保护工作做出了许多贡献， 它是有效地控制新污染发生的措施之一，它要求在社会和经济活动正式发生之前对其可能发生的环境问题给出科学的预测与评价，并提出有效防治环境损害的技术措施及规定，以便防患于未然。