Although great achievements have been made in the construction of highway network in China, with the development of regional economy, traffic problems are becoming more and more serious. The main reason is that the layout of highway network is unreasonable, which is difficult to meet the demand of traffic demand growth. There are many problems in the road network of small and medium-sized cities, such as low technical level and poor service level. Therefore, the construction of highway network has become an important problem in the field of infrastructure construction in various large and medium-sized cities, and how to build roads scientifically and reasonably to form road network has become an urgent problem to be solved in large and medium-sized cities.

Transportation industry is the link of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. One of the basic conditions for developing production, developing market and promoting consumption is to have circulation conditions. With the expansion and improvement of production and economic scale, its circulation conditions must be correspondingly advanced and developed in advance, which is also the general law of market economy. Marx once pointed out that in addition to mining, agriculture and industry, there is a fourth physical production sector, that is, transportation, or transportation of goods. Looking at all countries in the world, although the position of road transportation in different countries and regions is different, it is generally in the main position and plays an important role. Since entering the 21st century, with the expansion of highway network scale, the role of highway transportation in transportation is increasingly significant, so the quality of highway network planning will directly affect the development of the entire transportation industry .

前 言

尽管我国公路网建设已取得了巨大的成绩，但随着区域经济的发展，交通问题日趋严重。其主要原因是公路网布局不合理，难以满足交通需求增长的要求。中小城市的道路网普遍存在着公路网技术等级低、服务水平差等问题。因而公路网建设已成为了各个大中城市在基础设施建设领域中的重要问题，随之而来的如何科学合理的建设公路形成路网就成为大中城市迫切要解决的问题。
      交通运输业是联系生产、分配、交换和消费的纽带。发展生产、开发市场、促进消费， 其基本条件之一是要具备流通条件， 并随着生产和经济规模的扩大与提高，其流通条件必须相应地先行一步和超前发展，这也是市场经济的普遍规律。马克思曾指出:“除了开采业、农业和工业，尚有第四个物质生产部门，那就是运输业，或是运输人，或是运输商品”。综观世界各国，公路运输虽然在不同国家和地区的各种运输方式中所占位置有所不同，但普遍都处于主要地位，发挥着重要的作用。进入 21 世纪以来，随着公路网规模的扩大，公路运输在交通运输的作用日益显著，因此公路网规划的好坏将直接影响着整个交通运输业的发展。

As the most important engineering structural material, cement concrete has been widely used because it has many superior properties, such as easy processing, low energy consumption, good durability, and can be combined with steel to form various load-bearing structures with different characteristics. It is suitable for large-scale production and construction, so it has been widely used. From the general industrial and civil buildings, highway and railway bridges, sleepers, poles, piles, pressure pipes, oil tanks and watertowers, to high-rise buildings, underground buildings, marine structures, nuclear power plant protective shells and pressure vessels, large-span space structures and high-rise tower mast structures, concrete structures have become an indispensable and widely used engineering structure material. In the past, it was generally considered that concrete is an experienced material, which is relatively simple from the selection of raw materials, configuration technology to construction application. However, since the late 1970s, concrete technology has made great progress and has entered the field of high-tech, mainly manifested in: (1) the great development of raw materials; (2) the rapid development of ready mixed (commercial) concrete and high-strength concrete technology; (3) concrete construction technology has made great progress; and so on.

前 言

水泥混凝土作为最重要的工程结构材料，因为具有易于加工成型、能耗低、耐久性好、与钢材结合可以组成各类不同特性的承重结构等许多优越性能，适宜于大规模生产和施工，所以获得了广泛的应用。从一般的工业与民用建筑、公路与铁路桥梁、轨枕、电杆、桩、压力管道、油罐与水塔等方面到高层建筑、地下建筑、海洋结构、核电站防护壳与压力容器、大跨度空间结构与高耸塔桅结构等，混凝土结构已经成为现代不可缺少的，将来越来越广泛使用的一种工程结构材料。过去一般认为混凝土是一种经验配置的材料，从原材料的选择、配置工艺到施工应用都比较简单。 但是从 70 年代末期至今， 混凝土技术已经有了很大的进展并已经进入了高科技的领域，主要表现在：（1）原材料有了极大的发展；（2）预拌（商品）混凝土与高强混凝土技术快速发展；（3）混凝土施工技术有了长足进步；等等。

Since the reform and opening up, China’s book industry has developed rapidly. As the manifestation of social consciousness, the formation means of social consciousness, as a tool to promote the ideological, political, educational, scientific and technological, economic development and social progress, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on books in the new historical period, and form relevant theories to fully realize the role of books.
   In today’s society, due to the highly developed Internet and the wide use of high-definition satellite images, intelligence work has less involved in “tracking, eavesdropping or prying open the safe” type of spying activities, and stealing and photographing are not the main ways of intelligence collection. The evolution direction of intelligence work is to become a branch of social science, pay more attention to the comprehensive analysis of opponents’ political, economic, social and military issues, and conduct comprehensive evaluation and prediction. Intelligence collection is no longer a furtive behavior. Although it is still necessary for the intelligence research institutions to protect the secret information sources of special importance, many information about politics, economy, society, technology, population and so on, as well as the basic social development trend and macro policies and data, are open to the public. They can be searched on the Internet and easily obtained from official documents. In the world, it is a trend to gradually move from national governance to open government affairs. The openness of these policies and data promotes the transparency of a country’s politics and the rationality of administrative law enforcement. Therefore, it will be a possibility and a reality to discuss the intelligence issue openly. As the mystery of intelligence is gradually revealed, intelligence research will become a branch of social science, and intelligence agencies will become more like a “think tank” to advise and advise the ruling party.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国图书事业迅猛发展。 图书作为社会意识的表现形式、社会意识的形成手段，作为推动思想、政治、教育、科技、经济发展和社会进步的工具，在新的历史时期，有必要对其进行深入研究，形成相关理论，全面实现图书的作用。
        当今社会，由于互联网的高度发达，高清卫星图像的广泛运用，情报工作已经较少涉及“跟踪、窃听或者撬开保险柜”式的窥探活动，窃密与偷拍已经不是情报搜集的主要方式。情报工作的演变方向更多的是成为社会科学的一个分支，更加注重综合分析对手的政治、经济、社会、军事问题，并进行综合评估、预测，情报搜集不再是偷偷摸摸的行为。尽管情报研究机构依旧有必要对特别重要的秘密信息来源进行保护，但许多关于政治、经济、社会、技术、人口等方面的情况和社会的基本发展趋势与宏观政策及数据，都是公开的，可以在互联网，上搜索获取、在官方发布的文件里轻易得到。在世界范围来看，从国家治理逐步走向政务公开是一种趋势，这些政策与数据的公开推动了一个国家政治的透明度与行政执法的合理性。因此，公开讨论情报问题将成为一种可能、一种现实。而随着情报的神秘面纱被逐步揭开，情报研究将成为社会科学的分支，情报机构也将变得更像一个为执政党建言献策的“智库”

Water is the source of human life. From ancient times cities in various countries have been built near the water. Thanks to the water, cities have become prosperous, and generated different types of water culture. The emergence and development of any city are closely related to water at all times and all over the world. Both the expansion of city and the growth of population need water resources. Water is an important part of the ecosystem. Water and biological communities (including animals, plant and microorganisms) coexist in rivers and lakes, intertwined with each other through climate system, hydrological cycle, food chain, nutrient cycle and energy exchange. Water conservancy projects play a great role in the economy and society, at the same time, we should also notice that they have influenced river ecosystem to a variable extent.
   Human activities including river regulation and dam construction have artificially changed the diversity, continuity and mobility of rivers, resulting in significant changes in natural conditions such as flow velocity, water depth, water temperature, flow boundary per se, hydrological laws and so on. The influence of all these changes on river ecosystem should not be ignored. The goal of river and lake controlling is not only to develop the functionality of rivers and lakes, but also to maintain the integrity of the watershed ecosystem. Clean rivers are the arteries of a sound ecosystem. Therefore, what should be made clear in the planning of flood control projects is that the river and biological communities in its upstream and downstream, left and right bank are all in one ecosystem. We should carry out unified planning, design and construction.

前 言

水是人类生命之源，从古至今各国的城市依水而建、因水而兴，并形成不同类型的水文化现象。古今中外任何一座城市的产生与发展都离不开水，城市规模的扩大、人口的增长需要水资源的支持。水是生态系统的重要组成部分，河流湖泊中的水与生物群落（包括动物、植物微生物）共存，通过气候系统、水文循环、食物链、养分循环及能量交换相互交织在一起。在社会生产过程中水利工程对经济与社会有着巨大的作用，同时也要看到水利工程对河流生态系统造成了不同程度的影响。
       人类整治河道和修筑堤坝等活动人为地改变了河流的多样性、连续性和流动性，使水域的流速、水深、水温、自水流边界、水文规律等自然条件发生重大改变，这些改变对河流生态系统造成的影响是不容忽视的。河流湖泊治理的目标既要开发河湖的功能性，也要维护流域生态系统的完整性，洁净的河流是一个健全生态系统的动脉。因此，在进行防洪工程的规划时，应明确河流与其上下游、左右岸的生物群落处于一个完整的生态系统中，进行统一规划、设计和建设。

The construction quality of water retaining structures built on rivers not only affects the life and benefit of buildings, but also relates to the safety of millions of people’s lives and property in the downstream. Once the project fails, it will bring irreparable loss. Therefore, the water conservancy project construction must guarantee the construction quality.
   Water conservancy and hydropower projects are mostly located in remote mountainous areas, sparsely populated and inconvenient for transportation. The workload of construction preparation is large and the preparation period is long. It is not only necessary to build traffic roads and construction plant facilities, but also to build office and living rooms. Therefore, great importance must be attached to the organization of construction preparation to meet the construction requirements and reduce the project investment. The construction of water conservancy projects on rivers often involves the interests of various sectors of the national economy, such as flood control, power generation, shipping, irrigation, fishing, logging, industrial and urban water use, etc. It is necessary to make overall planning and overall consideration, thus increasing the difficulty and complexity of construction.

The water conservancy and hydropower project is composed of many single projects, with concentrated layout, large quantities, many types of work, high construction intensity, and the limitation of terrain conditions, which is easy to cause construction interference. Therefore, it is necessary to make overall planning, pay attention to the organization and management of site construction, and select the optimal construction scheme according to the time and place by using the principle of system engineering. In the process of water conservancy project construction, the blasting operation, underground operation, underwater operation and high-altitude operation are often carried out in parallel, which is very unfavorable to the construction safety. Therefore, we must pay attention to safety construction and take effective measures to prevent accidents.

前 言

河流上修建的挡水建筑物施工质量不仅影响建筑物的寿命和效益，而且关系着下游千百万人民生命财产的安全。工程一旦失事，会带来不可弥补的损失。因此，水利工程施工必须保证施工质量。
       水利水电工程多处在偏远山区，人烟稀少，交通运输不便。施工准备工作量大，准备期长。不仅要修建场内外交通道路和施工工厂设施，而且要修建办公和生活用房。因此，必须十分重视施工准备工作的组织，使之既满足施工要求又减少工程投资。在河流上修建水利工程，常涉及到国民经济各部门的利益，如防洪、发电、航运、灌溉、过渔、过木、工业与城市用水等。必须全面规划，统筹兼顾，因而增加了施工的困难和复杂性。
       水利水电枢纽工程由许多单项工程所组成，布置比较集中，工程量大、工种多，施工强度高，再加上地形条件方面的限制，容易发生施工干扰。因此，需要统筹规划，重视现场施工的组织和管理，运用系统工程学的原理，因时因地选择最优的施工方案。水利工程施工过程中的爆破作业地下作业、水上水下作业和高空作业等，常常平行交叉进行，对施工安全非常不利。因此，必须十分注意安全施工，采取有效措施，防止事故发生。