Mineral resources are an important material basis for China’s economic and social development. Mining industry is an important basic industry in China. The protection and rational development and utilization of mineral resources are related to the overall situation of national modernization.
   Engineering blasting plays an important and irreplaceable role in the national economic construction, and is an important technical means for the development and utilization of mineral resources. The quality of mine blasting is not only related to the quality of blasting technical and economic indicators, but also has a vital impact on the subsequent processes of mining, such as shoveling, loading and transportation, crushing and grinding of mineral processing.
   With the rapid development of the new generation of information technology and computer technology, the ancient blasting industry ushered in vitality, promoted the blasting technology research into a higher level, and made outstanding contributions to the engineering blasting of large open-pit mines.

前 言

矿产资源是我国经济社会发展的重要物质基础，矿业是我国重要的基础产业， 矿产资源保护与合理开发利用事关国家现代化建设全局。
        工程爆破在国民经济建设中发挥着重要且不可替代的作用，是矿产资源开发利用的重要技术手段。矿山爆破的质量不仅关系到爆破技术经济指标的优劣，也对采矿的铲、装、运，选矿的破碎、磨矿等后续工序有着至关重要的影响。
        随着新一代信息技术和计算机技术的迅猛发展，古老的爆破行业迎来了勃勃生机， 推动了爆破技术研究步入更高的层次， 为大型露天矿山工程爆破做出了突出贡献。

Vigorously developing transportation is an important guarantee to accelerate the realization of China’s modernization. Modern transportation in all directions plays an important role in strengthening the unity of the people of all ethnic groups, developing the national economy, promoting cultural exchanges and consolidating national defense. In the construction of highway, railway, urban and rural road traffic and water conservancy, in order to cross various obstacles (such as rivers, valleys or other lines), it is necessary to build various types of roads, bridges or culverts, so road and bridge has become an important part of land transportation. Especially in the construction of modern high-grade highway and urban viaduct, highway bridge is not only very large in scale, but also the key to ensure the early opening of the whole line. In the construction of national defense, highway bridge is the key point of transportation, which plays a very important role in the modern war which needs high speed and mobility.
   Since the 1990s, with the progress of science and technology, the improvement of industrial level and the rapid development of social productivity, people put forward higher requirements for highway and bridge construction. The overpasses, viaducts and urban viaducts moving back and forth on modern expressways, gulf and strait bridges with tens of kilometers, newly developed suburban high-speed railway bridges and light rail transportation viaducts are not only large-scale engineering entities, but also like a rainbow on the ground, making the city extraordinarily beautiful. Throughout the world’s major cities, often with the majestic bridge as the symbol and pride of the city. Highway and bridge construction is not only an important engineering entity on the traffic line, but also exists in the society as a kind of space art structure.

前 言 

大力发展交通运输事业是加速实现我国现代化的重要保证。四通八达的现代交通，对于加强全国各族人民的团结，发展国民经济，促进文化交流和巩固国防等都具有非常重要的作用。在公路、铁路、城市和农村道路交通及水利等建设中，为了跨越各种障碍（如河流、沟谷或其他线路等）必须修建各种类型的公路、桥梁或涵洞，故路桥已成为陆路交通的重要组成部分。特别是在现代高等级公路及城市高架道路的修建中，公路桥梁不仅在工程规模上十分巨大，还往往是保证全线早日通车的关键。在国防建设上，公路桥梁是交通运输的咽喉，在需要高度快速、机动的现代战争中具有非常重要的地位。
      20 世纪 90 年代以来，随着科学技术的进步，工业水平的提高，社会生产力的高速发展，人们对公路桥梁建筑提出了更高的要求。现代高速公路上迁回交叉的立交桥、高架桥和城市高架道路，数十千米的海湾和海峡大桥，新发展的城郊高速铁路桥与轻轨运输高架桥等不但是规模巨大的工程实体，而且犹如一条地上彩虹，将城市装扮得格外美丽。 纵观世界各大城市， 常以雄伟的大桥作为城市的标志与骄傲。公路桥梁建筑已不单纯作为交通线上的重要工程实体，还常作为一种空间艺术结构存在于社会之中。

At present, there is no standard definition of nursing concept. With the reform and opening up, great progress has been made in nursing science in China, and the understanding of nursing science has been gradually improved. In 1981, Pei-Yuan Zhou, a famous scholar in China, said, “nursing is an independent discipline, closely related to medical treatment, complementary and complementary to each other.” Nursing expert, Ju-Ying Lin, said, “nursing is an emerging independent discipline, nursing theory gradually formed its own system, and it has its own independent theory and theory and has a clear responsibility to serve the people.”
   With the development of society and the improvement of human living standard, the tasks and objectives of nursing have changed profoundly. The International Law of Nurse Ethics revised in June 1965 stipulates that the rights and obligations of nurses are to protect life, relieve pain and promote health; the only task of nurses is to help patients recover and help healthy people improve their health.
   In the 21st century, the strategy of health development has turned to “health for all”, which marks a significant change in the strategic objectives of health work in the world, that is, from the traditional goal of disease prevention and treatment to the modern goal of improving health and improving people’s health quality. The so-called “health for all” means that all people in the world can achieve the social and economic effective quality of life and quality of life, and keep in good physical, psychological and social conditions. “Health for all” is a constant ideal for the development of human social health, which requires that the concept, method and technology of health care must be constantly updated to make unremitting efforts to realize the ideal.

前 言

目前，护理学概念尚无公认的标准定义。随着改革开放，我国护理学有了很大进展，对护理学的认识逐步提高。 1981 年，我国著名学者周培源说：“护理学是一门独立的学科，与医疗有密切的联系，相辅相成，相得益彰。”护理专家林菊英说：“护理学是一门新兴的独立学科， 护理理论逐渐自成体系， 有其独立的学说和理论，有明确的为人民服务的职责。”
      随着社会的发展和人类生活水平的提高， 护理学的任务和目标已发生深刻的变化。1965 年 6 月修订的《护士伦理国际法》中规定：护士的权利与义务是保护生命，减轻痛苦，促进健康；护士的唯一任务是帮助患者恢复健康，帮助健康人提高健康水平。
       进入 21 世纪，卫生发展的战略转向“人人健康”，这一战略的提出标志着在全球范围内卫生工作战略目标的重大变化，即从防病治病的传统目标转向增进健康、提高人的健康素质的现代目标。所谓“人人健康”，是指使世界上所有人都能达到在社会上和经济上卓有成效的生活质量和生命质量，保持生理、心理和社会方面的完好状态。“人人健康”是一个人类社会卫生发展的永恒理想，要求卫生保健工作必须不断更新观念、方法和技术，为实现理想坚持不懈地努力。

With the increasing popularity of means of transportations, the rate of traffic accidents has come to a significant increase, plus all kinds of fall injury as well as injuries by heavy crashing objects, resulted in an ever-increasing wounded patients. At the same time, the continuous emergence of new theories, new technologies and the transformation of medical models have enriched the content of traumatic orthopedics. Traumatology orthopedics is a basic discipline in the field of orthopedics, and fracture is the most common clinical problem faced by orthopedic trauma surgeons. Most traumas belong to the category of emergency department, and making orthopedic surgeons in the front line face severe tests and challenges quite often, because the correctness of diagnosis and treatment is closely related to the prognosis. However, the amount of information involved in clinical examination is very large, even for senior orthopedic doctors with a lot of experience. It is difficult for them to deal with various diseases in a timely, comprehensive and accurate manner based on memory alone.

前 言

随着交通工具的普遍流行，接踵而来的交通事故发生率迅速攀升，加之各种高处坠落伤、重物砸伤等事例的发生，使得创伤患者的数量也日益增多，同时新理论、新技术的不断涌现和医学模式的转变使创伤骨科学的内容不断丰富。创伤骨科是骨科领域的基础学科，而骨折是创伤骨科医生最常面对的临床问题。大多数创伤属于急诊范畴，常常使处于一线的骨科医生面临严峻的考验和挑战，因为诊疗的正确与否与预后密切相关。然而，临床检诊涉及的信息量很大，即使对于高年资的骨科医师。仅凭记忆也很难做到及时、全面、准确地处理各种疾患。

China has a vast territory and complex geological conditions of coal seams. Coal mining is usually carried out under harsh and complex conditions. With the increase of mining depth, the mining difficulty increases. The traditional mine electrical equipment has been unable to meet the needs of the current coal mine production, so it is imperative to develop the mine intelligent electrical equipment with the characteristics of safety, intelligence, green and high efficiency.
   This book summarizes the author’s research results for many years, and discusses the intelligent principles and design methods of electrical equipment in mine environment, and strives to achieve both advanced and practical principle. There are 12 chapters in the book, which can be roughly divided into two parts: first, Chapter 1-6 can be regarded as the first part, and the main contents of the first part introduces the basic equipment in the process of modern mining, including excavation, transportation, drainage, etc; Chapter 7-12 discusses the research background of mine intelligent electrical appliances, the problems existing in mine electrical equipment, and the main research contents and development trend of mine intelligent electrical appliances; discusses the composition and particularity of mine power supply system and substations at all levels, and expounds the structural characteristics, working principles and functional requirements of intelligent design of typical mining electrical equipment; studies the basic principle and design method of intelligent mine electrical equipment, including mine sensors, hardware of mine intelligent electrical appliances, etc; and the series fault arc of mine electrical connector and its detection method are explained in detail.

前 言

我国地域辽阔、煤层地质条件复杂，煤炭开采通常在环境恶劣、复杂多变的条件下进行，随着开采深度的增加，开采难度增大。传统矿用电气设备已无法满足当前煤矿生产的需求，研发具有安全智能、绿色高效等特点的矿山智能电气设备势在必行。
        本书总结了作者多年的相关研究成果，论述了矿山环境下电气设备的智能化原理与设计方法， 力求做到先进性和实用性并重。 全书共 12 章， 大致可分为两大部分：首先， 1~6 章可作为第一部分，而第一部分的主要内容介绍了现代矿山开采过程中的基础设备，包含采掘、运输、排水等； 7~12 章论述了矿山智能电器的研究背景、目前矿山电气设备存在的问题，以及矿山智能电器的主要研究内容和发展趋势；讨论了矿山供电系统和各级变电所的组成及其特殊性，阐述了典型矿用电气设备的结构特点、工作原理及其智能化设计的功能需求；研究了矿山电气设备智能化的基本原理和设计方法，包括矿用传感器，矿山智能电器的硬件等；并对矿用电连接器串联故障电弧及其检测方法进行了详细的阐释。