The main purpose of water conservancy project is to reduce the flood disaster. Its construction relationship is an important matter of national economy and people’s livelihood. The construction of water conservancy projects must be in accordance with certain management standards, while the existing engineering construction technology and management technology standards in China obviously cannot meet the needs of economic development and the people. Water conservancy project construction and management as a public welfare project, is mainly controlled by the state. As early as in the 1990s, after the reform of management system, the system of separation of administration and enterprise has been clarified. Many construction units have been transformed into independent legal persons, thus forming the construction management mode of project legal person responsibility system. However, the separation of government and enterprise responsibility system has gradually separated the construction and management of water conservancy projects from the government, especially the local water conservancy departments. The development of construction and management of water conservancy projects has more freedom, and also breeds many management deviations, which eventually leads to the failure of water conservancy projects to achieve the expected results. As a project of benefiting the people and benefiting the people, there are still many things to be improved in the construction and management of water conservancy projects. In the construction of water conservancy projects, we should put the construction of management technology standard system in the first place. Only by establishing a scientific and reasonable standard system can we make water conservancy projects into real projects for people’s livelihood. Under the guidance of economy, we should gradually change the current situation that the current system is lack of many items, the starting point is low, and the technology and technology are not matched, so as to make the construction and management of water conservancy projects develop healthily. In this book, the introduction, water conservancy project construction, drought and flood control project, water conservancy project management system mode, water conservancy project quality supervision and management will be briefly described.

前 言
水利工程主要是为了减少水患灾害的，它的施工建设关系是国计民生的大事。水利工程的建设施工必须按照一定的管理标准，而我国现有的工程施工技术和管理技术标准显然不能满足经济发展和人民的需求。水利工程建设与管理作为一项公益性的惠民项目，主要由国家进行把控。早在 20 世纪 90 年代，经过管理体制的改革，已经明确了实行政企分离的体制，不少建设单位改制变为独立法人，从而形成了项目法人责任制的建设管理模式。但是，这样的政企分离责任制度导致水利工程建设与管理逐渐同政府分离开来，特别是地方水利部门，水利工程建设和管理的发展具有更多自由性，也滋生出很多管理偏差，这样导致水利工程建设项目最终没有达到预期效果，作为惠民利民项目，水利工程建设与管理仍旧有许多待改进之处。在水利工程建设中我们要把管理技术标准体系的建设放在首位，只有制定了科学合理的标准体系，我们才能把水利工程做成真正的民生工程。我们要以经济为指导，逐渐改变现行体系缺项多、起点较低、技术工艺不配套等现状，使水利工程建设及管理得到健康的发展。
本书将通过绪论、水利工程建设、抗旱防汛工程、水利工程管理体制模式、水利工程项目质量监督管理等方面进行简要的阐述。

With the continuous development of social economy and the continuous expansion of the water conservancy project market, there are higher requirements for the quality and level of water conservancy project construction. The normal operation and production of water conservancy projects can not only ensure the safety of people’s lives and property, but also bring economic benefits to the country and the people. This requires scientific and reasonable management methods to improve the construction management level of water conservancy projects, thereby enhancing the quality of water conservancy projects and ensuring the smooth progress of water conservancy projects.
At present, China’s water conservancy project construction has developed to a high level, but there are still a lot of problems. This requires further strengthening the level of water conservancy project construction management to support China’s water conservancy project development in a better direction. This book introduces water conservancy project construction management from ten chapters, with detailed content and comprehensive knowledge. Hope to promote the development and progress of water conservancy in China.

前 言
随着社会经济的不断发展，水利工程市场的不断扩大，对水利工程建设的质量和水平有了更高的要求。水利工程建设的正常运行和生产，不但能够保障人民的生命财产安全， 还能够为国家和人民带来经济效益。 这就需要有科学合理的管理方法，提高水利工程建设管理的水平，从而加强水利工程建设的质量水平，保障水利工程建设顺利进行。
目前我国的水利工程建设发展到了一种高水平状态，但是仍然存在着不小的问题，这就要求进一步加强水利工程建设管理的水平，支持我国的水利工程向更好的方向发展。本书从十章内容对水利工程建设管理进行介绍，内容详细，知识点全面。希望能够为推进我国水利事业的发展与进步。

Water is the source of life and the basis of human survival and social and economic development. However, with the rapid development of economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the increasingly serious pollution of water environment in China has seriously restricted the production, life and economic development of human beings. A series of prominent environmental problems such as water pollution and area shrinkage, eutrophication of rivers and lakes, and the degradation of ecological system, make the quantity of water resources and the quality of water environment become the key limiting factors of social and economic development in the future.
China is one of the countries with many rivers and lakes in the world. Crisscross rivers, scattered lakes, swamps and glacial snow fields on the top of mountains constitute a series of complex water systems. Because of the various and complex causes of water system formation and pollution, as well as the uneven spatial distribution of water resources and social and economic development, it brings great challenges to the
prevention and control of water pollution in China.
The State Council has issued Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution ( hereinafter referred to as Ten Water Rules ). As a programmatic document in the field of water environment protection, Ten Water Rules defines the overall objectives, assessment indicators and key tasks of the prevention and control of water pollution in the future. At the same time, Ten Water Rules also clearly put forward “strengthen social supervision”, and the public is the core force of social supervision. Through the popularization of basic knowledge in the field of water environment protection, this book tries to spread the ideas, concepts and technologies of water environment protection in a simple and easy to form, so that the public can learn about the water environment, and then become the practitioner and supervisor of water environment protection, and effectively promote the work of water environment protection and management in China.
Due to the limited level and short time, there are inevitably some deficiencies in the
book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言
水是生命之源，是人类生存和社会经济发展的基础。但是，随着经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加速，我国日趋严重的水环境污染问题对人类的生产生活和经济发展产生了严重的制约作用，水体污染与面积萎缩、河湖富营养化、生态系统退化等一系列突出环境问题的出现，使得水资源量和水环境质量成为未来社会经济发展的关键限制因素。
我国是世界上江河湖泊众多的国家之一，纵横交错河流与星罗棋布的大小湖泊、沼泽和绵亘于高山之巅的冰川雪原，共同构成了一系列复杂的水系。由于水系形成原因和污染成因多样复杂，加之水资源空间分布和社会经济发展的不均衡，给我国的水污染防治工作带来极大挑战。
国务院印发了《水污染防治行动计划》 （以下简称《水十条》 ） 。作为水环境保护领域的纲领性文件， 《水十条》明确了未来水污染防治工作的总体目标、考核指标和重点任务；同时， 《水十条》也明确提出要“加强社会监督”，而公众是社会监督的核心力量。本书通过水环境保护领域基本知识的普及，力图用浅显易懂的形式传播水环境保护的思想、理念和技术，使公众了解水环境，进而成为水环境保护工作的践行者和监督者，有效推进我国的水环境保护和治理工作。
由于水平有限和时间仓促，书中难免有不足之处，敬请读者指正。

The new curriculum attaches great importance to the all-round development of students’ quality. In mathematics teaching, we should impart knowledge to students, but more importantly, we should cultivate students’ interest in independent learning and the ability of creative thinking. In order to achieve this goal, teachers must design a scientific and effective teaching mode according to the characteristics of the subject itself and the actual situation of students’ learning, so as to stimulate students’ subjective initiative. With the development of science and technology, and the progress of society, educational theory and technology have made rapid progress. How to change the concept of teaching and change the external knowledge of mathematics into students’ own knowledge and ability is an important topic in mathematics classroom teaching. Due to the continuous improvement of social requirements for students, the mode of classroom teaching should also move towards the direction of all-round development, active thinking and active participation. Through the way of intellectual development, students can acquire knowledge, which is also an important way to continuously improve teaching means and teaching efficiency.
Imagine that if the classroom atmosphere is too serious and the classroom teaching is too rigid, the teaching is still an “authoritative” posture. If we use the way of statement to “tell” all the mathematics to the students, plus the intensive “bombing” examples and sea exercises, then our students will only “obey, imitate, remember and practice mechanically”. Then, students can’t explore, discover, reason and prove.
Bruner, a famous educator, said:“A course should not only reflect the nature of knowledge itself, but also reflect the quality of knowledge seekers themselves and the nature of the process of knowledge acquisition.” In mathematics teaching, we must face all students, pay attention to the development and improvement of students’ quality, and impart knowledge to students. But it is more important to cultivate students’ interest in independent learning and the ability of creative thinking. To achieve this goal, teachers must design a scientific and effective teaching mode according to the characteristics of the subject itself and the actual situation of students’ learning, stimulate students’ subjective initiative, make classroom teaching conducive to students’ active observation, experiment, guess, verification, reasoning, communication and other mathematical activities, and create a “people-oriented” learning environment, which is the ultimate goal of mathematics teaching reform.

前 言
新课程重视学生素质的全面发展，数学教学中要向学生传授知识，但更要培养学生独立学习的兴趣和创造性思维的能力。要达到这一目的，教师就必须针对学科本身的特点及学生学习的实际状况设计科学有效的教学模式，激发学生的主观能动性。随着科技的发展、社会的进步，教育理论和教育技术也突飞猛进。如何转变教学观念， 将数学的外在知识转变为学生自身的知识能力是数学课堂教学的重要课题。由于社会对学生的要求不断提高，课堂教学的模式也要向全面发展、活跃思维、主动参与的方向前进，通过智力发展的途径使得学生获取知识，同时这也是不断提高教学手段、提高课堂效率的重要途径。
试想，如果课堂气氛过于严肃，课堂教学过于死板，教学仍是一种“权威”的姿态，用陈述的方式向学生“讲述”所有的数学，加上密集“轰炸式”的例题、题海式练习，那么，我们的学生就只有“遵从、模仿、记忆、机械练习”，哪里还能够去探索、发现、推理、证明？
著名教育家布鲁纳说：“一门课程不但要反映知识本身的性质，还要反映求知者本身的素质和知识获得过程的性质。”在数学教学中，必须面向全体学生，重视
学生素质的发展与提高，要向学生传授知识。但更要培养学生独立学习的兴趣和创造性思维的能力，要达到这一目的，教师就必须针对学科本身的特点及学生学的实际状况设计科学有效的教学模式，激发学生的主观能动性，使得课堂教学能够有利于学生主动地进行观察、实验、猜想、验证、推理、交流等数学活动，创设一种“以人为本”的学习环境，这才是数学教学改革的最终目的。

With the improvement of living standards, people are more and more aware of the importance of the natural ecological environment. After solving the problem of living, people begin to pay more and more attention to the surrounding living environment and have higher and higher requirements on the cultural quality of the living city. More people began to pay attention to the development of tourism and urban greening, and the design and construction projects of garden landscapes in urban and rural areas across the country are increasing. This article is mainly let people understand the importance of garden construction by the introduction of the related contents of the garden landscape, which gives us beauty while facilitating our lives.
    This study introduces landscape architecture and explains the characteristics of landscape design. By comparing the development of garden design at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the characteristics and development of various garden designs, and introduces the design concepts and methods of ground, mountain, stone, plants, waterscape and landscape sketches in garden landscapes. Through the analysis of the types of garden landscape design, this paper studies the design of urban parks, urban squares, courtyards, and so on. This article introduces garden planting to let readers know about the systematic construction process of planting plants and further analyzes the related contents of earthwork construction and water supply and drainage engineering in garden construction. At the same time, this article introduces the types of garden sketches and construction projects. It shows the main contents and methods of garden landscape engineering through various projects in the construction process of garden rockery and garden road pavement projects. Landscape engineering is still a new content in China, which has considerable development prospects.

前言

随着生活水平的提高，人们越来越意识到自然生态环境的重要，在解决了居住问题的情况下，人们开始越来越重视周围的生活环境，对生活城市的文化品质要求越来越高。更多的人开始关注旅游观光和城市绿化的发展，全国城乡各地的园林景观设计施工项目日益增多。本文章主要是通过对园林景观相关内容的介绍，我们可以了解到园林建设的重要性，它在给我们美的同时，方便了我们的生活。
       本研究主要包含对园林景观进行介绍，讲解园林设计的特征，通过国内外园林设计发展的对比，来分析各种园林设计的特点和发展情况。介绍园林景观中地面、山石、植物、水景和景观小品的设计理念和方法。通过对园林景观设计的类型的分析，对城市公园、城市广场、庭院等设计进行研究。通过对园林种植物的介绍来让大家了解一下植物种植的系统施工过程。进一步分析园林建设中的土方施工和给排水工程的相关内容，同时，介绍园林小品的种类和施工的项目。我们通过对园林假山和园路铺装工程施工过程中各种项目，来为大家展示林园景观工程的主要内容和方法。园林工程在我国仍是一种新的内容，具有相当大的发展前景。