In recent years, data statistics show that in 20 industries of the national economy, construction industry has always ranked the top, accounting for 5.4% of China's GDP. And historical data shows that the added value of the construction industry has grown from 13.82 billion yuan in 1978 to 1013.4 billion yuan in 2005, with an average annual growth rate of 17%. It has become an important pillar industry in the national economy. In addition to short-term fluctuations in the early 1990s, the added value of construction industry has maintained a share of 5% to 6% in GDP, and the status of the pillar industry is very stable. In addition, the construction industry also creates about 30 billion U.S. dollars in foreign exchange earnings for the country every year, which is an important force for China's foreign trade and economic cooperation. As a pillar industry, the construction industry not only has strengthened its position in the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, but also has become the key to social and economic stability because of its huge absorption of rural surplus labor force. However, behind the rapid growth, due to the unscientific decision-making of engineering projects, unreasonable engineering design and inability to keep up with engineering management, the investment scale of many projects is out of control and the construction quality is unstable, resulting in huge waste of investment. In construction projects, there are widespread "uncompleted projects" and "projects with three exceeding problems", which seriously affect the implementation of national plans and financial budgets, and interfere with the normal economic order in the field of engineering construction. The above facts indicate that there are problems in the construction management of existing building projects in China, especially the cost management mode that plays an important role in project management has been difficult to meet the needs of project cost management at this stage. In a sense, the shortcoming in theory and method of project cost management is a source of many project management problems. There is an urgent need to establish a scientific and standardized management system and operation mechanism of engineering construction industry, and a scientific and standardized project cost management system and operation mechanism in China. This book thoroughly analyzes the construction technology in each process and stage, comprehensively interprets the progress, quality, safety, cost control and management of the construction industry, and discusses the cost budget of the construction combined with the project cost, and provides a theoretical basis for the technical support and management practice of the construction industry. 

前言

近几年，数据统计显示，在国民经济 20 个行业中，建筑业始终名列前茅，占我国国内生产总值的 5.4%。从历史数据看，建筑业增加值从 1978 年的138.2 亿元发展到 2005 年 10134 亿元，年均增长 17%，业已成为国民经济中重要的支柱产业。除了 90 年代初有短期的波动外，建筑施工业增加值在国内生产总值中一直保持着 5% ～ 6% 左右的份额，支柱产业的地位十分稳固。此外，施工业还每年为国家创造 300 亿美元左右的外汇收入，是我国对外贸易和经济合作的一支重要力量。作为支柱产业的建筑施工业，在我国工业化和城市化进程中，不仅地位不断增强，更因其对农村剩余劳动力巨大的吸纳作用，使其已成为社会经济稳定的关键。但在高速增长的背后，由于工程项目决策不科学，工程设计不合理，工程管理跟不上，而导致诸多工程的投资规模失控、施工质量不稳定，造成了投资的巨大浪费。在建设项目中普遍存在着“烂尾工程”和“三超工程”，严重影响国家计划、财政预算的执行，干扰工程建设领域的正常经济秩序。上述事实说明，我国现有建筑工程施工管理中存在问题，尤其是在工程管理中起重要作用的造价管理模式已经难以满足现阶段工程造价管理的需要了。从某种意义上讲，目前工程造价管理理论和方法上的缺陷是导致工程管理问题层出不穷的根源。现实迫切需要建立起我国科学规范的工程建筑业管理体制和运行机制，科学规范的工程造价管理体制和运行机制。本书深入剖析建筑工程各工艺、各阶段施工技术，全面解读建筑施工业进度、质量、安全、成本控制与管理，并结合工程造价对建筑施工的成本预算问题进行探讨，为建筑施工行业技术支持与管理实践提供可参考的理论依据。

With the rapid development of social economy and the acceleration of urbanization in cities, the functions of buildings gradually increase, and China's construction industry also enters a prosperous period. As a result, the construction technology and methods needed have been greatly improved. Enterprises should constantly research new construction methods, introduce and use advanced construction theories and technologies at home and abroad, and establish a construction system suitable for modern urban buildings to further promote the development of the construction industry. The book is divided into eight chapters, namely, construction, building engineering materials, construction engineering cost, architectural design, construction earthwork construction, construction foundation engineering construction, reinforced concrete main structure construction and masonry construction. This book is intended to provide a practical textbook and reference book for the majority of construction practitioners. As this book covers many subjects, involves a complex system of knowledge, and has many writers, the format, depth and breadth of each chapter may not be consistent, and errors are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct.

前言

随着现今社会经济的飞速发展，城市化进城的加快，建筑的功能逐渐增加，我国建筑业也随之进入繁荣时期。因而需要的建筑施工技术和方法也比以前有大幅度的提升，需要施工企业不断研究新的建筑施工方法，不断引进和使用国内外的先进施工理论和技术，建立适合于现代城市建筑的施工系统，进一步推动建筑行业的发展。本书共分八个章节，分别是建筑、建筑工程材料、建筑工程造价、建筑设计、建筑土方工程施工、建筑基础工程施工、钢筋混凝土主体结构工程施工以及砌体工程施工。我们编写这本《建筑工程与施工技术》主要的意图是为广大建筑从业者提供一本切合实用的教材与参考书。由于本书包罗内容较广，涉及知识较繁琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，警请读者批评指。

China is one of the countries with the most serious geological disasters in the world. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's national economy, the intensity of human activities such as resource development and engineering construction has been generally increased, which has brought great pressure to the fragile geological environment. Geological disasters induced by various unreasonable human engineering activities show an obvious growing trend, which causes more than 1,000 deaths and tens of billions of economic losses every year on average. Geological disasters have become one of the major disasters causing casualties in China. Geological disasters are particularly harmful to rural areas and agricultural production. In addition to causing loss of life and property for rural residents, it also seriously damages farmland, forests, various agricultural facilities and agricultural ecological environment.

Geological hazards refer to the movement of rock and soil caused by natural or man-made actions in the surface of the earth, which destroys human life, property and living environment. Geological hazards have the dual origins of natural evolution and artificial induction. It is not only an integral part of natural disasters, but also a category of man-made disasters. In a sense, geological disaster has been a problem with social attributes and has become an important factor restricting social and economic development and people's living in peace. Therefore, the prevention and control of geological disasters not only refers to prevention, avoidance and engineering governance, but also refers to efforts to improve the quality of human beings at a high level of social consciousness. Through the formulation of public policies or government legislation, the public's behavior is restrained to consciously protect the geological environment, so as to achieve the purpose of avoiding or reducing geological disasters.

Based on the overview of geological disasters, this book mainly describes the geological disasters in China, and elaborates the design of the geological disaster management engineering. It hopes to contribute to the project recommendation and work progress of the relevant staff.

前言

我国是世界上地质灾害最为严重的国家之一。近年来，随着我国国民经济的快速发展，各种资源开发和工程建设活动等人类活动力度普遍增大，给本来就十分脆弱的地质环境带来了巨大压力，由于各种不合理人类工程活动诱发的地质灾害呈现出明显增长的趋势，平均每年造成1000多人死亡，经济损失上百亿元。地质灾害已成为造成我国人员伤亡的主要灾害之一，地质灾害给农村地区和农业生产带来的危害尤其严重，除造成农村居民点生命财产损失外，还严重损毁农田、森林和各种农业设施，损害农业生态环境。

地质灾害是指由于自然或人为作用，多数情况下是二者协同作用引起的，在地球表层比较强烈地破坏人类生命财产和生存环境的岩土体移动事件。地质灾害在成因上具备自然演化和人为诱发的双重性，它既是自然灾害的组成部分，同时也属于人为灾害的范畴。在某种意义上，地质灾害已经是一个具有社会属性的问题，已经成为制约社会经济发展和人民安居的重要因素。因此，地质灾害防治就不仅是指预防、躲避和工程治理，在高层次的社会意识上更表现为努力提高人类自身的素质，通过制定公共政策或政府立法约束公众的行为，自觉地保护地质环境，从而达到避免或减少地质灾害的目的。

本书主要从地质灾害的概述内容入手，对我国地质灾害进行详细的叙述，同时将地质灾害的治理工程组织设计进行阐述，希望能够有助于相关工作人员的项目推荐和工作进度。

Nowadays, the technical level of engineering construction in China has been continuously improved, and many new construction technologies have come into being in road construction and bridge engineering, which provides great help for the construction of high-quality bridge projects. To adapt to the economic development and balance the contradiction between productive forces and production relations, the number of road and bridge construction is also increasing. In the process of road and bridge construction, construction technology has become a concern in the industry. Because construction technology directly determines the technique and quality of roads and bridges. With the increase of negative news about roads and bridges in recent years, the quality and construction technology has become the most concerned issue of the public. Improving the construction technology of road and bridge is also the focus of continuous research within the industry in recent years. With the reform and opening up, China has made good achievements in the construction technology of roads and bridges in civil engineering. Especially in recent years, along with the integration of high-technology, construction technology is constantly innovating. However, development is accompanied by problems, and the resolution of problems is the key to development.

Therefore, this book mainly elaborates and introduces road construction and bridge engineering in details from nine chapters, hoping to contribute to the development of China's transportation industry.

前言

当今时代，我国工程建设的技术水平不断提升，道路桥梁工程建设迎来了诸多的新型施工技术，为构筑高质量的桥梁工程提供了极大的助益。为了适应经济的发展，平衡生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾，道路桥梁的建设数量也在不断的增长。而道路桥梁建设过程当中，施工技术就成为当下业内关心的问题。因为施工技术直接决定着道路桥梁的工艺和质量，伴随着近年来关于道路桥梁负面新闻的增多，对于质量和施工技术的问题已经成为时下公众最关心的问题。而提高道路桥梁的施工技术也是近年来，行业内部不断研究的重点。伴随着改革开放之后，我国在土木工程道路桥梁施工技术当中取得了不错的成绩。尤其是近年来，伴随着高新技术的融入，施工技术也在不断的革新。但是，发展就伴随着问题，而问题的解决就是发展的关键。

因此，本书主要从九章内容对道路施工与桥梁工程进行详细的阐述与介绍，希望能够有助于我国交通事业的发展。

In recent years, with the continuous development of the economy, the transportation industry has also developed. In the process of social change and development, highway bridge is a very important part. The use of highway bridge is common, so its quality is very important; and because the bridge design is complicated, the construction quality is very important in general. Once the quality problem of the bridge construction occurs, it will be very difficult to repair it, so it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and control of bridge construction.

With the rapid development of science and technology, more advanced modern construction technology and supporting equipment have been applied in a large number of engineering practices. Higher construction efficiency and quality have improved the inherent form of human-based traditional construction methods. At the same time, however, engineering quality problems caused by improper application of construction technology or unreasonable construction schemes have frequently appeared. As an important part of urban basic traffic construction, road, bridge and tunnel project should be scientifically managed in a targeted manner and objectively analyzed and controlled its construction quality.

This book mainly elaborates from the introduction, highway facilities and protection project, bridge construction technology, tunnel construction technology, the daily maintenance of the highway, bridge and the tunnel. The content is detailed and comprehensive, hoping to help the relevant staff to carry out the project.

前言

近年来，随着经济的不断发展，交通运输业也出现了新的发展，在社会变化发展过程中，公路桥梁又是非常重要的一部分，公路桥梁运用非常普遍，所以质量好坏与否非常重要，又因为桥梁设计非常复杂，在一般情况下施工质量非常重要，桥梁施工一旦出现质量问题，修补起来非常困难，所以更加要加强桥梁施工的监测与控制。

伴随着科学技术的快速发展，更加先进的现代化施工建设技术及配套设备已在大量的工程实践中得以应用。更高的施工效率和建设质量改善了传统施工方式中以人力为主的固有形态。但与此同时，因施工技术应用不当或施工方案不合理所导致的工程质量问题却频繁出现。对于路桥隧道工程而言，作为城市基础交通建设的重要组成部分，应有针对性地对施工技术进行科学管理，并对工程施工质量进行客观的分析与把控。

本书主要从绪论、公路沿线设施及防护工程、桥梁工程施工技术、隧道工程施工技术、公路桥梁及隧道的日常养护等方面进行阐述，内容详细全面，希望能够帮助相关工作人员的项目开展。