Since the beginning of the 21st century, in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of economy and accelerate the process of socialist modernization, China has clearly put forward the urbanization strategy, and the speed of urbanization has been accelerating. The corresponding infrastructure construction, such as urban indemnificatory residential engineering, transportation facilities, urban water supply, gas supply and heating facilities has also developed. However, at present, the funds in China’s financial budget are far from meeting the needs of infrastructure construction. At the same time, the private surplus funds have expanded unprecedentedly and maintained stable development. How to make better use of these non-governmental capital and let it participate in the infrastructure construction of our country has become a realistic problem in front of us. The development of public private partnership (PPP) provides a way to solve this problem.
       After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the country has strengthened the Reform and Opening up. From the first mention of PPP mode at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee to the introduction of relevant policies by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance, PPP mode has been gradually popularized in China and relevant policies have been gradually improved. PPP model not only uses idle social funds to relieve the pressure of financial budget funds, but also enables the government and the private sector to establish a cooperative relationship in the field of infrastructure construction, develop strengths and avoid weaknesses, and complement each others’ advantages, so as to better play their respective roles and advantages, reasonably allocate resources, put an end to resource abuse, optimize the allocation of resources, improve the use efficiency of resources, meet the public demand, improve the social governance function, and ensure the quality of infrastructure and public products.

前 言

进入 21 世纪以来， 为促进经济的持续健康发展， 加快社会主义现代化建设进程，我国明确提出城镇化战略，城镇化速度不断加快，相应的城市保障性居住工程、运输设施、城市供水供气供暖设施等基础设施建设也随之发展。但是，当前我国财政预算内的资金远远无法满足基础设施建设的需要，与此同时，民间剩余资金却空前膨胀，且保持了稳定发展。如何更好地利用这些民间资本，让其参与到我国基础设施建设中，成为摆在我们面前的现实问题。政府和社会资本合作模式（Public Private Partnership，简称 PPP 模式）的发展为解决这一问题提供了思路。
       党的第十八次全国代表大会以后，国家加大了改革开放的力度。从党的十八届三中全会首次提到 PPP 模式，到国家发改委、财政部等陆续出台相关政策， PPP 模式在国内逐渐得到了普及，相关政策也得到了逐步完善。 PPP 模式不仅利用社会闲置资金缓解了财政预算资金压力，而且使得政府部门和私营部门在基础设施建设领域建立起合作关系，扬长避短，优势互补，从而更好地发挥了他们各自的作用以及各自的优势，合理调配资源，杜绝资源滥用，优化了资源的配置，提高了资源的使用效率，满足了公共需求，完善了社会治理功能，保障了基础设施和公共产品质量。

Nowadays, China’s overall economic situation shows a rapid development trend, therefore, the construction industry is getting more and more attention and become an important pillar industry in China’s economic development industry. The quality of construction projects directly affects people’s living environment, urbanization process and sustainable development of society, therefore, the construction technology plays a particularly important role in the construction engineering. In order to improve the competitiveness of China’s construction industry, we must strive to build an excellent construction team in China’s construction industry.
      How to improve the combat ability of the construction team is a big problem we must solve, therefore, this book discusses the relevant knowledge of construction technology in detail from eight chapters, including construction knowledge, construction technology, construction precautions, construction standards and methods of concrete and reinforcement, waterproof engineering, civil engineering and stone, construction engineering and decoration engineering, enumerating relevant cases to elaborate and analyze in detail and introducing the related contents of architectural technology knowledge as comprehensively as possible. in order to provide updated and comprehensive technical knowledge for the construction and later development of construction projects, and contribute to the innovation and development of building technology.
       Due to the large content of this book and the cumbersome knowledge involved, as well as the format, depth and span of each chapter are inconsistent, leading fallacies inevitable, so that the author hopes he can get criticism and correction from readers while communicating with them.

前 言

目前，我国整体的经济状况呈现出飞速发展的态势，建筑行业也因此日趋受到重视，成为我国经济发展行业当中重要的支柱性行业。建筑工程的质量好坏，直接影响人们的居住环境、城市化进程以及社会的可持续发展，因此建筑技术在建筑工程中起着尤为重要的作用。然而，如果想要提高我国建筑行业的竞争能力，就必须努力打造我国建筑行业中一支优秀的建设团队。
       如何提高建设团队的作战能力，是我们必须解决的一大问题。因此，本书从八个章节详细论述了有关建筑技术的相关知识，包括建筑知识、施工工艺、施工注意事项、混凝土与钢筋的施工标准及方法、防水工程、土建工程及石材、建筑工程以及装修工程。其中也不乏列举相关案例加以详细的阐述分析，尽可能全面地介绍了建筑技术知识的相关内容，以期能够为建筑工程的施工与后期发展提供更新、更全面的技术知识，为建筑技术的创新与发展添砖加瓦。
      由于本书包罗内容不较多，涉及知识较为烦琐，且各章节内容的格式、深度和广度也并不一致，谬误无可避免，希望在与广大读者交流学习的同时，能够得到广大读者的批评指正。

BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology is a kind of digital tool applied in building planning, design, construction, operation and management in the field of civil engineering. BIM can integrate all kinds of information in the whole life cycle of buildings, share and transmit information, provide collaborative work for all parties in the whole process of construction and operation, provide technical support for industrial chain connection and industrial construction, and create conditions for improving quality, efficiency, energy conservation and environmental protection of construction industry.
      The emergence of BIM has led to a new revolution in the construction industry. It breaks through the bottleneck of traditional design methods, adopts three-dimensional parametric design concept, defines three-dimensional model with a new method, and greatly improves the efficiency of the whole process of construction project from initial design, construction to later operation management. The value of BIM technology has been recognized by the owner, designer, constructor, etc. It can be predicted that BIM technology will make great progress in the future construction industry and lead the construction industry to a new height.
    Although BIM technology plays a revolutionary role in the construction industry, it is a new thing after all. Relevant technicians, such as design, construction and operation and maintenance personnel, do not have a comprehensive understanding of BIM technology. Civil engineering students in colleges and universities know little about BIM technology, which is far from the technical requirements and development trend of the whole industry. In order to integrate with industry development and market demand faster and better, it is necessary to make a thorough and detailed review of BIM technology research and application in civil engineering. Therefore, in the process of writing this book, starting from the origin and development of BIM, it analyzes the bottleneck problems in BIM promotion process, and looks forward to the development trend of BIM, in order to show the latest trend and achievements of civil engineering development, and contribute to the development of civil engineering, software engineering, information engineering and other disciplines.
      Due to the limited level of editors and the rush of time, there are inevitably some shortcomings in the book. The author sincerely hopes that teachers, students and readers will put forward valuable opinions and give criticism and correction, with a view to further revision and improvement.

前 言

       BIM（建筑信息模型）技术是一种在土木工程领域中应用于建筑物规划、设计、施工、运营以及管理等方面的数字化工具。 BIM 能整合建筑物全生命周期内的各种信息并进行信息的共享和传递， 为项目全过程各方建设及运营主体提供协同工作，为产业链贯通和工业化建造提供技术保障，为建筑业的提质增效、节能环保创造条件。
        建筑信息模型（Building Information Modeling， BIM）的出现，引发了建筑行业一场新革命，它突破了传统设计方法的瓶颈，采用三维参数化的设计理念，以一种全新的方法定义三维模型，使得建筑项目从初期设计、施工到后期运营管理的全过程效率都得到了大幅提升， BIM 技术的价值得到了业主方、设计方、施工方等的认可。可以预见 BIM 技术在未来建筑行业将取得长足发展，并引领建筑行业达到一个新的高度。
        虽然 BIM 技术对于建筑行业有着革命性的作用，但它毕竟是新生事物，设计、施工和运维等相关技术人员对它的认知还不够全面，高校土木类学生对这一技术也所知甚少，这一现状与整个行业的技术要求和发展趋势相距甚远，为了更快更好地与行业发展和市场需求相融合， 必要对 BIM 在土木工程中的技术研究与应用情况做深入细致的梳理。因此，本书在撰写过程中，从 BIM 的起源与发展出发，解析了BIM 推广过程中的瓶颈问题，并对 BIM 的发展趋势进行了展望，以期展现土木工程发展的最新态势和成就，为土木工程、软件工程和信息工程等学科的发展贡献绵薄之力。
       限于编者水平有限和时间仓促，书中难免存在不足之处，诚挚地希望广大师生与读者提出宝贵意见，给予批评指正，以期进一步修订完善。

The construction industry plays a pivotal role in the development of the national economy and the four modernizations. In terms of investment, the state funds for building installation projects account for about 60% of the total capital construction investment. On the other hand, the development of the construction industry plays an important role in promoting other industries. It consumes a large amount of steel, cement, local building materials, and other products of the national economic sector every year. At the same time, the products of the construction industry serve the people’s lives and other national economic departments and create the necessary conditions for the expansion and reproduction of various sectors of the national economy. The national income provided by the construction industry is also at the forefront of various sectors of the national economy. At present, many countries have listed the construction industry as a pillar industry of the national economy. In China, with the development of the “four modernizations” construction and the in-depth implementation of the reform and opening-up, the pillar role of the construction industry is increasingly being played.
     BIM is a new thing in the construction industry. In the past ten years, through continuous promotion and practice, people have reached a consensus: BIM has led and will continue to lead the information revolution in the construction field. With the gradual deepening of BIM applications, the traditional architecture of the construction industry will be broken. It will be replaced by a new architecture dominated by information technology. The application of BIM has completely broken through the technical scope and will become a powerful driving force for the leading construction industry to make changes. This is an opportunity and a challenge for the entire construction industry.
     From the application practice of BIM in recent years, BIM application is not simply the application of new software. To be successful in BIM application, it needs a set of systems, plans, and methods, and the execution team is matched with it. The construction industry practitioners who apply BIM also need to have relevant knowledge of BIM to apply BIM better, and more maximize the value of BIM applications.

前 言

建筑业在国民经济发展和四个现代化建设中起着举足轻重的作用。从投资来看，国家用于建筑安装工程的资金，约占基本建设投资总额的 60%。另一方面，建筑业的发展对其他行业起着重要的促进作用，它每年要消耗大量的钢材、水泥、地方性建筑材料和其他国民经济部门的产品，同时，建筑业的产品又为人民生活和其他国民经济部门服务，为国民经济各部门的扩大再生产创造必要的条件。建筑业提供的国民收入也居国民经济各部门的前列。目前，不少国家已将建筑业列为国民经济的支柱产业。在我国，随着“四化”建设的发展，改革开放政策的深入贯彻，建筑业的支柱作用也正日益得到发挥。
      BIM 作为建筑业的一个新生事物，在近十年中，通过不断的推广与实践，人们取得了一个共识： BIM 已经并将继续引领建设领域的信息革命。随着 BIM 应用的逐步深入，建筑业的传统架构将被打破，一种以信息技术为主导的新架构将取而代之。 BIM 的应用完全突破了技术范畴，将成为主导建筑业进行变革的强大动力。这对于整个建筑业而言，是机遇，更是挑战。
     从近年来 BIM 的应用实践来看， BIM 应用并不单纯是新软件的应用。 BIM 应用要取得成功，需要有一整套的体系、计划、方法，并且执行团队与之匹配；应用BIM 的建筑业从业人员也需要掌握 BIM 的相关知识才能把 BIM 应用得比较好，并且通过系统集成更大限度实现 BIM 应用的价值。

At present, the development of railway construction in China is rapid. The number of construction projects related to the existing line is increasing year by year. The construction of the existing line has the characteristics of great interference between construction and transportation, great difficulty in construction organization, complex technical scheme, high risk of safety and construction period.
    First, the demand for overall planning of transportation and construction is getting higher and higher. Hub transformation and large-scale station transformation often lead to the whole body, and even need to adjust the transportation organization in a wide range to cooperate with the construction. Therefore, the construction scheme should be closely combined with the transportation organization, considered as a whole, and provided conditions for each other, otherwise it is difficult to implement.
     Second, the construction is more and more difficult and the construction period is tight. First, with the large-scale operation of high-speed railway, strict control is required for settlement and deformation, and the requirements for track accuracy are higher and higher; second, the construction environment is more and more complex, with the gradual improvement of the road network, the effective construction space of the new line into the existing hub is smaller and smaller, and the construction is more and more difficult; the third is that the research period of the early scheme is often long, the coordination work in the later implementation process is many, the procedure is complex, and the construction period is generally tight.
    Third, the construction safety pressure of the existing line is large. The safety of railway operation is an eternal theme, and the pressure of construction safety is great.
    In view of this, the author has compiled the construction of the existing line, hoping to provide help and reference for the builders engaged in the construction of the existing line. This book can be used by management and technical personnel engaged in railway construction, operation safety management, construction, design, supervision and so on. It can also be used by teachers and students in colleges and universities for construction organization design or construction course teaching case analysis.
      Due to the limited level of editors and the short time of writing, there are inevitably defects in the book. Readers are welcome to give advice and correct it.

前 言

目前，我国铁路建设高速发展。涉及既有线施工项目逐年增加，既有线施工具有建设与运输互相干扰大、施工组织难度大、技术方案复杂、安全及工期风险高的特点。

第一，运输和建设的统筹性要求越来越高。枢纽改造、大型站改往往牵一发而动全身,甚至需大范围调整运输组织以配合施工,因此施工方案要和运输组织紧密结合，统筹考虑,互相提供条件,否则难以实施。
      第二，施工难度越来越大，工期偏紧。一是随着高铁大规模的投入运营，对沉降和变形要求严格控制,对线路轨道精度的要求越来越高;二是施工环境越来越复杂， 随着路网逐渐完善,新线引入既有枢纽有效施工空间越来越小,施工难度越来越大;三是涉及既有线施工往往前期方案研究周期长， 后期实施过程中协调工作多,程序复杂,施工周期普遍偏紧。
      第三，既有线施工安全压力大。铁路运营安全是永恒的主题,施工安全压力大。

鉴于此，编者对既有线施工进行了编写,希望对从事既有线施工的建设者提供帮助和借鉴。本书可供从事铁路建设、运营安全管理和施工、设计、监理等相关管理和技术人员使用;也可供高等院校师生施工组织设计或建设课程教学案例分析使用。
     由于编者水平有限，加之编写时间仓促，书中难免存在瑕疵，敬请广大读者不吝赐教，以利改正!