With the development of China’s economic construction and society, as well as the continuous emergence of new science and technology, the demand for surveying and mapping results is increasing. Surveying and mapping projects show the characteristics of large production scale, high investment amount, high technical requirements, complex construction process and so on. In order to ensure that the surveying and mapping project is completed on time and with high quality, it is difficult for the investor to supervise and manage the project. With the continuous improvement of China’s laws and regulations, the deepening of socialization, specialization, standardization and normalization of engineering supervision work, and the continuous improvement of engineering supervision system, more and more investors choose to supervise and manage surveying and mapping projects with the help of social professional forces.
         In the process of engineering project construction, the level of engineering measurement is the most direct factor affecting the quality of engineering project construction. High level and high quality of engineering measurement is of great significance to ensure the smooth progress of engineering project construction and improve the quality of engineering construction. In order to effectively improve the technical level of engineering survey, we should strengthen the application of advanced surveying and mapping technology, such as digital surveying and mapping technology, whose technical advantages are very prominent. When applied in engineering survey, it can provide strong technical support for engineering survey, ensure the efficient development of engineering construction projects, and improve the quality of engineering construction. Compared with traditional surveying and mapping technology, digital surveying and mapping technology is more accurate and faster. The accuracy of measurement results is very important for a project, which is related to the quality of a project. Therefore, digital surveying and mapping technology not only improves the efficiency of Surveying and mapping in engineering construction, but also helps to improve the quality of the project.

前 言

随着我国经济建设和社会的发展以及新的科学技术的不断出现，对测绘成果的需求日益增强，测绘项目呈现出生产规模大、投资额度高、技术要求高、施工工序复杂等的特点。为了保证测绘项目按时并高质量地完成，单纯由投资方对项目进行监督管理有一定的难度。而随着我国法律法规的不断完善，工程监理工作社会化、专业化以及规范化、正规化的不断深入，工程监理制度不断完善，投资方越来越多地选择借助社会专业力量对测绘项目进行监督管理。
        在工程项目建设过程当中，工程测量水平高低是影响工程项目建设质量最为直接的因素，高水平、高质量的开展工程测量工作，对保证工程项目建设顺利进行，提高工程建设质量意义重大。为了有效提高工程测量技术水平，应当加强先进测绘技术的应用，如数字化测绘技术，其技术优势非常突出，应用于工程测量中，可以为工程测量提供强大的技术支撑， 保证工程建设项目高效开展， 提高工程建设质量。数字化测绘技术相较于传统的测绘技术测量更加精准，测量速度更快。测量结果的准确性对于一项工程来说是十分重要的，关系着一个工程质量的好坏，所以数字化测绘技术不仅仅提高了工程建设中的测绘效率，而且还有利于提高工程质量。

In recent years, with the increasing investment in power infrastructure projects in China, we must implement effective management of complex infrastructure business through information system. The enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an advanced management idea, which focuses on organization model, business process, enterprise rules and regulations, information technology, etc.
       Power engineering management is an important part of power enterprise management in China, and plays an indispensable role in the power system. The management of electric power project has an important influence on the economic benefits of project investors and construction enterprises. In recent years, with the implementation of China’s sustainable development strategy, the construction of power engineering projects is gradually increasing. For China’s power grid, under the premise of ensuring the improvement of the power grid system and power supply quality, the reasonable cost control can not only improve China’s economic level, but also help China’s power grid system to be more mature and perfect. At present, the high project cost is largely due to the unscientific and unreasonable management mode of power grid system. Therefore, if we want to control the project cost, we should start from the perspective of management.

前 言

近些年来，伴随着我国在电力基建工程上投资的日趋增加，我们必须要通过信息系统，来对繁杂的基建业务实施有效的管理。而企业资源计划，它是集中了组织模型、业务流程、企业规章制度以及信息技术等，其在管理思想上比较先进。
        电力工程管理是我国电力企业管理工作的重要组成部分，在电力系统中发挥不可或缺的作用。电力工程管理工作对工程投资主体的经济利益、施工企业的经济效益有着重要的影响。近年来，随着我国可持续发展战略的实施，电力工程项目的建设也逐渐增多。对于我国电网而言，在保障电网体系的完善和供电质量的前提下，最大限度地合理控制造价成本，这不但能够提升我国的经济水平，而且有助于我国电网体系更加成熟完善。当前，工程造价过高很大程度上是因为电网体系的管理模式不科学不合理，因此若要对工程造价进行控制，那么就应当从管理这一角度来着手解决。

The concept of urban design was introduced into China in the 1980s, which has aroused the general concern of the planning circles. Due to the fact that urban design has not obtained the legal status in our country, and the country has not given a clear positioning for urban design, leading to the current situation that the domestic theoretical circles hold different opinions. In the practice of specific projects, the contents and achievements of urban design are also multifarious, lacking a unified understanding. China’s urban planning system originated in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China has some disadvantages in the process of urban construction after the Economic Reform and Opening up. In recent years, it has also been concerned by the planning circles. The development of urban design work can just solve some of the problems, which is in line with the objective requirements of the new era of urban construction.
      This book mainly studies the origin and development process of modern urban planning and urban design; the development status of modern urban design theory and practice at home and abroad; the urban planning system and the current urban planning compilation in China and its shortcomings. On this basis, it discusses the relationship between urban planning and urban design and their respective emphases, and establishes the principles corresponding to each stage of urban planning in China. The book emphasizes the idea that urban design work should run through all stages of urban planning, and makes a preliminary study on the tasks, types and contents of urban design work in each stage.

前 言

城市设计概念从上个世纪 80 年代传入中国，引起了规划界的普遍关注。由于在我国城市设计尚未取得法定地位，国家也没有针对城市设计给出明确的定位，导致了目前国内理论界各执一词的局面，在具体项目实践中， 城市设计的内容与成果也是五花八门，缺乏统一的认识。源于建国初期的我国的城市规划体系在改革开放后城市化进程加快的城市建设过程中也出现了一些弊端， 近年来也为规划界所关注，城市设计工作的展开，正好可以解决其中一些问题，符合新时期城市建设的客观要求。
      现代城市规划与城市设计的起源与发展过程；中外现代城市设计理论与实践的发展状况；城市规划体系和我国现行的城市规划编制及其中存在的不足。在此基础上，探讨了城市规划与城市设计的关系及各自的侧重点，建立了城市设计编制与我国现阶段城市规划编制各阶段相对应的原则，强调了城市设计工作应该贯穿于整个城市规划工作各阶段的思想，并对各阶段展开的城市设计工作的任务、类型、内容作了初步的研究。

Urban green space is open to public life, with recreation as the main function. It has certain recreational facilities and service facilities, and has the comprehensive functions of improving the ecological environment, beautifying the landscape, disaster prevention and mitigation. Therefore, the construction of modern urban green space should not only protect and improve the urban ecological environment, but also improve people’s living environment and promote the sustainable development of the city. In addition, the urban green space is very important for its unique functions and significance, and it has become a public space for urban residents to get close to and experience nature.
       Urban green space environment and landscape layout is an important measure to improve the ecological landscape of urbanization construction. To ensure the effect of urban green space construction, it is necessary to make full use of the existing natural resources and human resources. On the basis of promoting the balanced development of ecology, it is necessary to adhere to the scientific structure design and spatial layout, so as to ensure the effect and practicability of urban green space construction, and provide a strong motivation for improving the quality of the urban environment. Human beings will always be the builders of social civilization. With the development of civilization and rationality, society will pay more attention to human physical and mental health and life needs. Urban public green space is to create a benign interactive relationship between humans and natural landscapes through humanized design, so as to continuously improve people’s living standard. The direction of our continuous efforts in the future is to explore and study the urban ecological landscape space.

前 言

城市绿地空间是城市向公共生活开放的，以休憩娱乐为主要功能，有一定游憩设施和服务设施，同时拥有健全生态环境，美化景观，防灾减灾等综合作用的绿化用地。因此，现代化城市绿地空间的建设不仅要起到保护和改善城市生态环境的作用，同时还要达到改善人们生活环境，促进城市可持续发展的目的。另外，城市绿地空间具有独特殊作用和意义显得非常重要，已经成为城市居民亲近和感受自然的公共活动场所空间。
        城市绿地环境和景观布局空间形式是提高城市化建设生态景观的重要措施，保证城市绿地空间建设的效果就要对现有的自然资源和人文资源进行充分利用，在促进生态平衡发展的基础上坚持科学的结构设计和空间布局，从而保证城市绿地空间建设的效果和实用性，为改善城市环境质量提供强大动。人类永远是社会文明的建设者，努力向着人类文明和理性发展的社会发展趋势，将会更加关注人类的身心健康和生活需求。城市公共绿地空间就是要通过人性化设计使人类与自然景观产生良性的互动关系，和谐共生，从而不断提高人们的生活品质和质量，探索和研究城市生态景观空间是我们今后不断努力的方向。

Cities are all countries in the global village. In today’s era, the core and basic component unit of economy and society is the inevitable historical form of social modernization caused by the development of social productivity, the progress of science and technology and the adjustment of industrial structure in a country or region. Urbanization is conducive to the aggregation and coordination of economic production, improve production efficiency, and drive the development of regional economy; urbanization is conducive to the aggregation of talents and human resources, promote public innovation, and promote the progress of science and technology; urbanization promotes the development of modern civilization of people’s livelihood settlement form, mode of production, lifestyle, values, etc. However, urbanization has also brought about the reduction of biodiversity, reduction of arable land, soil deterioration, ground subsidence, air pollution, heat island effect, deterioration of water environment, shortage of water resources, acid rain and other environmental problems. The biological chain of ecosystem is being destroyed, the ecological crisis is highlighted, and the contradiction between man and nature is intensifying.
          The history of human development shows that to ease the relationship between man and nature, it is necessary to rebuild the harmony between man and nature, which is just the so-called “unity of man and nature”. Nowadays, the villagers of the whole world have awakened. A wave of green civilization is coming after the first yellow civilization with agricultural civilization as the core, the second black civilization with industrial civilization as the core, and the third blue civilization with information civilization as the core. Green culture, green economy and green development have become the main theme of the new era. The world has begun or is limiting the transformation of nature strictly within the law of ecological movement, so as to coordinate human activities with the law of nature, and strive to achieve the harmonious development of human and nature.

前 言

城市是地球村上的各个国度， 在现今时代下， 经济社会核心的、 基本的构成单元，是一个国家或地区社会生产力的发展、科学技术的进步以及产业结构的调整所引发的、社会现代化的必然历史形态。城市化有助于经济生产的聚集与协调，提高生产效率，带动区域经济发展；城市化有利于人才和人力资源的集聚，促进大众创新，推进科学技术进步；城市化促使民生聚落形态、生产方式、生活方式、价值观等的现代文明的发展。然而，城市化也带来了生物多样性的减少、耕地面积缩减、土壤变质、地面下沉、空气污染、热岛效应、水环境恶化、 水资源短缺、酸雨等环境问题。生态系统的生物链正在遭到破坏，生态危机凸显，人与自然的矛盾正在激化。
        人类发展的历史表明，缓和人与自然的关系，必须重建人与自然之间的和谐，正所谓要“天人合一”。现今，全地球村人已觉醒，一场继人类第一次以农业文明为核心的黄色文明，第二次以工业文明为核心的黑色文明，第三次以信息文明为核心的蓝色文明之后的第四次以绿色文明为核心的浪潮正在以澎湃汹涌之势而至。绿色文化、绿色经济、绿色发展已成为人类新时代的主旋律。全球开始或正在把改造自然的行为严格限制在生态运动的规律之内，使人类活动与自然规律相协调，努力实现人与自然和谐发展。