Highway engineering is an important part of China’s infrastructure and the lifeblood of China’s economic development. In the new era, to strengthen the construction and maintenance of highway engineering, we should not only increase the investment in highway construction, but also make effective use of existing resources, integrate the actual situation of the project, and formulate practical construction and maintenance plans, so as to ensure that the efficiency of highway use is improved and the life of highway is extended, so that it can play a better role.

Therefore, this book covers the introduction of construction technology and various key and difficult problems in highway engineering, including four chapters. The first and second chapters are highway engineering and highway construction. These two chapters mainly introduce the concept of highway engineering, problems related to highway engineering construction. In addition, it also includes some problems, key points and solutions in construction technology and management, as well as a series of problems related to the bidding of highway engineering construction, quality control and cost budget, which can also be read as the difficult problems in this book. The third chapter is about the cost management of highway engineering. This chapter also describes some key problems in the cost control of highway construction. The fourth chapter is highway maintenance. This chapter mainly introduces some problems and characteristics in the actual process of highway maintenance, at the same time, it also briefly introduces the current situation of highway maintenance in China, and also includes the specific work content of the work link center of highway maintenance. According to the author’s work experience over the years, the four chapters can basically talk about the maintenance of highway construction technology and the important or main problems in the construction process, and the content is relatively comprehensive. As the highway engineering covers a wide range of contents, if there are omissions, readers are welcome to write back.

前 言

公路工程是我国基础设施的重要组成部分，是我国经济发展的命脉，在新时期加强公路工程建设和养护工作不仅要加大对公路建设的投入力度，还需要有效利用现有资源，综合工程实际，制定切实可行的施工以及养护方案，以保证在提高公路使用效率的同时延长公路寿命，使其能够更好的发挥效用。

因此，本书涵盖有关公路工程对施工技术以及公路养护方面的各种重点难点问题的介绍，包括四大章，其中第一章节和第二章节内容为公路工程以及公路施工，这两个章节主要介绍了有关公路工程的概念、和公路工程的施工相关的各方面问题，另外还包括施工技术方面以及管理方面的一些问题、要点和解决策略，以及介绍了有关公路工程施工的招投标以及质量控制和成本预算的一系列问题等等，当然也可以作为本书的难点问题来阅读；第三章则为公路的工程造价管理问题，本章又讲述了在公路施工的造价控制环节中一些重点问题；第四章为公路养护，本章主要介绍了关于在实际公路养护过程当中出现的一些问题和特点，同时也对我国目前的公路养护工作现状做了简要介绍，另外还包括具体的有关公路养护的工作环节中心工作内容等的说明。此四个章节根据作者多年来的工作经验总结以及结合、参考其他的一些这方面的资料可以说基本上能够把公路施工技术的养护及施工工作环节当中重要的或者主要的问题都谈到了，内容相对来说还是比较全面的，由于公路工程涵盖的内容涉及面比较广，如果出现遗漏的地方，欢迎广大读者朋友来信反馈。

With the all-round, rapid and healthy development of China's economy and society,the construction of engineering projects has entered a new stage of rapid development.Large and extra large-scale engineering projects emerge in an endless stream. Engineering project management, an old and young discipline, is full of vitality.

Engineering project management is a new subject which studies the objective laws,management theories and management methods of the whole process of engineering project construction. It is the integration of management science, engineering technology,engineering economy, construction laws and regulations and many other subject theories and knowledge. The purpose of its research is to achieve the best effect in the production and use function, cost, progress, quality and other aspects of the project, give full play to the benefit of investment as soon as possible, and realize the maximization of the comprehensive benefit of the project.

In the trend of economic globalization and industrial internationalization, with the continuous promotion of industrialization and new urbanization, the construction of modern engineering projects is developing in the direction of scale and high-tech construction technology. Faced with the huge cost of engineering projects, and the diversification of investment subjects and financing channels, the government, enterprise organizations or individual investors often face the decision-making problems of the investment and construction of engineering project .How to realize the optimal allocation of project resources and the objectives of the project investment has become one of the main issues for investors to consider. Therefore, using the knowledge of engineering economics to solve the decision-making problems in the construction of engineering projects is to meet the objective requirements of scientific investment decision-making.

前 言

随着我国经济及社会的全面、快速、健康地发展，工程项目建设也进入了快速发展的新阶段，大型、特大型工程项目层出不穷，工程项目管理这一古老又年轻的学科，正焕发出勃勃生机。

工程项目管理是研究工程项目建设全过程客观规律、管理理论和管理方法的一门新兴学科，是管理科学、工程技术、工程经济、建设法规等众多学科理论与知识的集成，其研究目的是使工程项目在生产使用功能、费用、进度、质量及其他方面均取得最佳效果，尽快发挥投资效益，实现项目综合效益最大化。

在经济全球一体化、产业国际化的趋势下，伴随工业化和新型城镇化建设的持续推进，现代工程项目建设正向着规模化、建筑技术高科技化的方向发展。面对工程项目耗资巨大、投资主体和融资渠道的多元化，政府、企业组织或个人投资者经常会面临着工程项目投资和建设的决策问题，如何实现工程项目资源的优化配置和项目投资目标已成为投资者考虑的主要问题之一。因此，运用工程经济学的知识来解决工程项目建设中的决策问题是适应现代投资决策科学化的客观要求。

“Engineering Economy” is a comprehensive, theoretical and practical professional basic course for the major of construction engineering. It is the edge science of the intersection of technical science and economic science. It is a powerful tool to improve the level of investment decision-making and economic benefits under the market economy. It is one of the main contents of the qualification examination for registered cost engineer, registered constructor and project manager.

This book strives to be simple, popular and practical. It takes revealing the internal relationship between engineering technology and economic effect as the basic starting point, takes the technology, economy and function evaluation of engineering projects as the basic content, and discusses the relatively complete discipline system of engineering economy. This book includes the basic knowledge of construction engineering technology and economy, the financing and economic prediction of engineering construction projects, the deterministic evaluation method of engineering economy, the uncertainty and risk analysis of engineering economy, the financial evaluation and economic cost-benefit evaluation, the technical and economic analysis and value engineering of technological transformation and equipment update, etc. The whole book is comprehensive in content,prominent in emphasis and practical.

Although we try our best to be cautious subjectively, due to the editor's knowledge and experience, it is inevitable that there are omissions. We sincerely hope that our colleagues and readers will not hesitate to give us advice so as to correct and improve in the future.

前 言

“工程经济”是建筑工程类专业一门综合性、理论性及实践性较强的专业基础课程，是技术科学与经济科学交叉的边缘科学，是市场经济条件下提高投资决策水平和经济效益的强有力工具。其内容是注册造价师、注册建造师、项目管理师等职（执）业资格考试的主要内容之一。本书力求深入浅出、通俗实用，以揭示工程技术与经济效果的内在联系为基本出发点，以工程项目的技术与经济、功能评价为基本内容，论述了工程经济相对完整的学科体系。

本书内容包括建筑工程技术经济的基础知识、工程建设项目的资金筹措和经济预测、工程经济的确定性评价方法、工程经济的不确定性和风险分析、财务评价和经济费用效益评价、技术改造和设备更新的技术经济分析及价值工程等内容。全书内容全面，重点突出，实用性强。

虽然在主观上力求谨慎从事，但限于编者的学识、经验，疏漏之处在所难免，恳请广大同行和读者不吝赐教，以便今后修正提高。

After thousands of years of development history, the subject of surveying and mapping, through the accumulation of many famous and outstanding scientists and scholars, with their hard work and sweat crystallization of rich results, glows with eternal brilliance. In the past 30 years, with the rapid development of science and technology,surveying and mapping science has entered a new era of informatization. Many new research contents and achievements reflecting characteristics of modern science and technology have emerged, which makes the content and technology of the whole surveying and mapping discipline not enough to be generalized and described by “vast as the sea”, and truly makes people understand the meaning of “a feast for eyes”.

Modern surveying and mapping science, with the rapid development of national economy and the progress of world science and technology, makes the theory and content of research, applied technology and methods into a deeper and new stage. With the combination of satellite technology, space vehicle, modern computer and network technology, communication technology, driven by development goals of digital earth,digital China and digital provinces, the mapping science has undergone great changes. It is difficult for every learner to understand and master all the knowledge of such a large and profound surveying subject. Therefore, it is necessary and appropriate to divide the surveying and mapping discipline into five branches according to its classification characteristics and system structure, namely geodesy, photogrammetry and remote sensing,cartography and geographic information engineering, engineering surveying and marine surveying and mapping. Generally speaking, every surveying and mapping worker is only engaged in the study and research of related contents of one branch of the discipline, so it is difficult to have a deeper understanding of the whole picture and development of surveying and mapping discipline. The content and purpose of this book is to facilitate a more comprehensive preliminary understanding of the whole of surveying and mapping,avoid being too professional and lack of a comprehensive understanding of surveying and mapping discipline, and meet the learning content set up by learners to deeply understand the new progress of modern surveying and mapping Science and technology.

The development of modern surveying and mapping discipline requires that surveying and mapping workers should not only study and research in this discipline and the scope of this specialty, but also broaden the scope of professional knowledge, and more combine the learning of theories and technologies of other disciplines beyond this specialty and even other disciplines that seem to be less relevant. In this regard, the first condition is to have a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the research content,theory, advanced technology and methods, discipline development and tasks of the discipline. Only by “accumulating widely and developing thinly” can we deeply study surveying and mapping technology and theory, innovate subject content and promote the development of surveying and mapping subject.

前 言

测绘学科经几千年发展历史的厚积，经众多名望卓越的科学家和学者，用心血和汗水结晶而成的丰硕成果的凝聚，使测绘学科焕发着经久不衰的灿烂辉煌。近 30年以来，随着科技的飞速发展，测绘科学已迈入了信息化的全新时期，众多反映了现代科技特色的新研究内容和研究成果涌现，使整个测绘学科的内容和技术，不足以用“浩瀚如海”所能概括和形容，真正使人领悟到了“美不胜收”的含义。

现代测绘科学，随着国民经济的飞速发展和世界科技的进步，使研究的理论和内容、应用的技术和方法进入了更深层次的新阶段。结合卫星技术、空间飞行器、现代计算机及网络技术、通信技术、在数字地球、数字中国、数字省区发展目标的驱动下，测绘科学发生了“翻天覆地”的变革。每个学习者要深入了解和精通如此庞大而又深奥的测绘学科的全部知识是困难的。因此按照学科分类特征和体系结构把测绘学科分为五大分支学科，即大地测量学、摄影测量学与遥感、地图制图学与地理信息工程、工程测量学、海洋测绘学是十分必要和恰当的。通常而言，每个测绘工作者仅从事于其中一个分支学科的相关内容学习和研究，难以对测绘学科的全貌及发展有更深程度的了解。本书的内容及目的，就是为了便于达到较全面地初步了解测绘学的整体，避免过于专业化而缺乏对测绘学科的全面认识，满足学习者深入了解现代测绘科学和技术的新进展而设置的学习内容。

现代测绘学科的发展，要求测绘工作者，不应仅局限于本学科及本专业范围的学习和研究，还要拓宽专业知识面，要更多地结合本专业以外的甚至其他似乎不太相关的学科理论及技术的学习。对此，首要的条件是必须全面而系统地了解本学科的研究内容及理论、先进技术及方法、学科发展和任务。“广积而薄发”才能深层次地研究测绘技术和理论，创新学科内容，推动测绘学科的发展。

With the rapid increase of highway mileage and the rapid expansion of the scope of use, the continuous growth of traffic flow, and the increasing road diseases, the expressway is facing the pressure of centralized overhaul and reconstruction, the task of expressway maintenance and management is becoming more and more difficult, and the demand for funds is growing. When the maintenance peak comes, how to manage and
maintain the expressway, giving full play to the economic and social benefits of the expressway,and maintaining and improving the use quality of the expressway have become more and more concerned by all sectors of society and relevant departments.

The Ministry of Transport puts forward the view that “highway construction is development, highway maintenance also is development, and it is important development”,and raised the highway maintenance management to a new height. It can be predicted that in the future, the focus of expressway construction in China will gradually shift from new construction to simultaneous construction and maintenance, and then to maintenance.

However, there is still a lack of investment in highway maintenance and management in China, and a long-term stable source of funds needs to be established; there are different maintenance management systems, and the responsibilities and rights of expressway maintenance need to be further clarified; the maintenance market is being cultivated, and a new mechanism has not yet been formed; preventive maintenance has not been popularized, and the overall technical level needs to be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the current situation and project management of expressway maintenance management in China.At the same time, the book is divided into eight chapters to explore the root causes of the problems existing in the maintenance management and project management of China’s expressway, and put forward improvement measures, so as to ensure the sound and rapid development of the maintenance management of China’s expressway.

前 言

随着高速公路通车里程的急剧增加和使用范围的迅速扩大，交通流量的持续增长，道路病害日益增加，高速公路面临集中大修和改造的压力，高速公路养护管理任务越来越艰巨、资金需求越来越大。在养护高峰期到来之际，如何管好、养好高速公路，充分发挥高速公路的经济效益和社会效益，保持和提升高速公路的使用品质，成为社会各界和有关部门愈来愈关心的问题。

交通运输部提出“公路建设是发展，公路养护也是发展，而且是重要发展”的观点，把公路的养护管理提到了一个新的高度来认识。可以预计，今后一个时期，我国高速公路建设的重点将从新建为主逐步转为建设与养护并举进而过渡到以养护为主。

然而，我国高速公路养护管理工作还存在投入不足，长期稳定的资金来源渠道有待建立；养护管理体制各异，高速公路养护的责权需进一步明晰；养护市场正在培育，新型机制尚未形成； 预防性养护尚未普及，整体技术水平还需提升。因此，非常有必要对我国高速公路养护管理现状及项目管理进行深入分析，同时，本书分八章内容将我国高速公路养护管理及项目管理中存在的问题根源进行探究，提出改进的措施，从而保障我国高速公路养护管理事业又好又快发展。