Iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, an important guarantee for the country to achieve rapid economic growth, and an important symbol to measure the level of a country’s economic and social development. In recent years, driven by both international and domestic markets, China’s iron and steel industry has achieved unprecedented development, which has attracted worldwide attention. However, with the rapid development of iron and steel industry, it also faces severe environmental problems. A large amount of dust, SOx, NOx and waste water produced in the process of iron and steel production make it a major environmental polluter. Taking the traditional way of high pollution, high energy consumption and low efficiency is not in line with the requirements of the times. In order to meet the development requirements of the new era, it is the mission of the times to implement “green production” and “green management” and establish resource-saving and environment friendly green iron and steel enterprises.
       “Green production” refers to a comprehensive measure which aims at energy saving, consumption reduction and pollution reduction, takes management and technology as means, implements pollution control in the whole process of industrial production, and minimizes the amount of pollutants. The difference between “green production” and“clean production” is that the concept of “clean production” is more focused on industrial production, and “green production” is defined as organizing the production process and creating green products according to the principles conducive to ecological environment protection. Therefore, in a sense, the connotation of “green production” is broader than cleaner production. “Green management” is a kind of management idea which adapts to the ecological trend of economic development. It is a new enterprise management idea and management system. “Green management” requires enterprises to integrate the concept of environmental protection into their operation and management, that is, the operation and management activities of enterprises should not only follow the requirements of the law of market economy, but also follow the requirements of the law of ecological environment, save resources and control pollution from all aspects of enterprise production and operation, so as to achieve the goal of sustainable development of enterprises. Green management is a new trend of enterprise management development, and the idea of green management has become a new field of management research. Therefore, in the current situation of deteriorating ecological environment and increasingly scarce resources, green production and green management are the only way to realize environmental protection and sustainable development of iron and steel industry.

前 言

钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业，是国家实现经济高速增长的重要保障，也是衡量一个国家经济和社会发展水平的重要标志。近几年，在国际、国内市场的双重驱动下，我国钢铁工业取得了前所未有的大发展，令全世界所瞩目。然而，钢铁工业在快速发展的同时也面临着严峻的环境问题。钢铁生产过程中产生的大量粉尘、 SOx、 NOx、废水等使其成为环境污染大户。走传统的高污染、高能耗、低效率的老路已不符合时代的要求，为了适应新时期的发展要求，实行“绿色生产”与“绿色管理”，建立资源节约型与环境友好型的绿色钢铁企业是时代赋予钢铁工作者的使命。
      “绿色生产”是指以节能、降耗、减污为目标，以管理和技术为手段，实施工业生产全过程污染控制，使污染物的产生量最少化的一种综合措施。“绿色生产”与“清洁生产”的区别是：“清洁生产”的概念较专注于工业生产，“绿色生产”定义为按照有利于生态环境保护的原则来组织生产过程，创造出绿色产品。因此，在某种意义上，“绿色生产”的内涵比清洁生产更广。“绿色管理”是适应经济发展的生态化趋势而产生的一种管理理念， 它是一种全新的企业管理思想和管理体系。 “绿色管理”要求企业将环境保护的观念融入企业的经营管理之中，即企业的经营管理活动不仅要遵循市场经济规律的要求，而且要遵循生态坏境规律的要求，从企业生产经营的各个环节着手来节约资源控制污染， 实现企业可持续发展的目标。“绿色管理”是企业管理发展的一种新趋势，“绿色管理”思想也成为管理研究的一个新领域。因此，在生态环境恶化，资源日益匮乏的当今，“绿色生产”与“绿色管理”是钢铁工业实现环境保护与可持续发展的必由之路。

At present, China is the world’s largest energy consumer, the traditional energy production and consumption model has difficult to adapt to the current situation. Under the situation of shifting economic growth and tightening resources and environmental management, it is imperative and urgent to promote energy revolution. In June 2014, we put forward the strategic thinking of “four revolutions” and “a cooperation”, including the energy consumption, supply, technique and system revolution and international energy cooperation, which make clear the development direction of resources revolution and deepens the connotation of resources revolution. In the meantime, we hope through the resources revolution, we can vigorously promote the development of new and renewable sources. We will gradually building a diversified, low-carbon and carbide-free new energy system, which is intelligent, clean and efficient, to ensure the energy supply for economic and social development. Against the backdrop of the energy revolution, our country is stepping up energy reform and actively deploying structural adjustment in all fields and industries of energy.
        One of the basic principles of power planning is intelligent, efficient and innovative. To promote the transformation and upgrading of energy system, it is necessary to strengthen the system integration and optimization, improve the mode of dispatch and operation, improve the efficiency of power system, promote the innovation of scientific and technological equipment and explore new modes of management and operation. In addition, the rapidly developing internet industry is gradually subverting production and operation model of many traditional industries with great power, the internet of energy industry has brought both new opportunities and challenges to the energy revolution. We will take “internet+” as a tool and intelligence as basis to build a low-carbon, safe and efficiency modern energy system, we will promote in-depth integration of energy and information, and the development of new techniques, patterns and forms of energy internet. We will drive the supply-side structural reform in the energy sector to support and advance the energy revolution. In the meantime, the idea of smart grid could be turned into a reality by the dividends of this technological development.

前 言

目前我国是世界上最大的能源消费国，传统的能源生产和消费模式已难以适应当前形势。在经济增速换档、资源环境管理趋紧的形势下，推动能源革命势在必行、刻不容缓。 2014 年 6 月，我国提出“四个革命”和“一个合作”战略思想，包括能源消费、供给、技术和体制四个革命和国际能源合作，明确了能源革命的发展方向，深化了能源革命的内涵，同时希望借助能源革命大力推动新能源和可再生能源的发展，逐步建成多元化、低碳化、无碳化的智能、安全、清洁、高效的新能源系统，保障经济社会发展需求的能源供给。在能源革命的大背景下，国家正加紧推进能源改革，积极部署能源各个领域、各个产业的结构调整。
电力规划的基本原则之一是智能高效、创新发展，通过加强系统集成优化、改进调度运行方式、提高电力系统效率、大力推进科技装备创新、探索管理运营新模式等方式，促进能源系统的转型升级。此外，迅速发展的互联网行业正以巨大的力量逐步颠覆多个传统产业的生产和经营方式，能源行业的互联网化为能源革命带来了新的机遇和挑战。以“互联网+”为手段，以智能化为基础，围绕构建绿色低碳、安全高效的现代能源体系，能够有效促进能源和信息深度融合，推动能源互联网新技术、新模式和新业态发展，推动能源领域供给侧结构性改革，支撑和推进能源革命。同时，智能电网的构思也可在这一技术发展的红利下从构想成为现实。

Geotechnical Engineering, literally translated as “geological technology engineering”, which is a new technical system established by European and American countries on the basis of civil engineering practice in the 1960s. It is a subject that mainly studies engineering issues of rock mass and soil mass. This book mainly introduces geotechnical engineering and geological exploration technology.
        Engineering exploration technology is an important means of construction engineering exploration, which directly serves foundation and the design of foundation engineering. The use of reasonable exploration methods is the key to ensuring the safety and stability of construction projects and the rationality of technology and economy. The editors and their teaching team summarized years of experience in teaching, scientific research, and practice, based on the principle of equal emphasis on practical technology and theoretical foundation, coordinated the relationship between basic theory and modern technology, and absorbed advanced production equipment and production technology. The editors coordinate the content of each chapter to make it closer to production practice.
       Geotechnical engineering is an interdisciplinary subject, which is widely used in highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, industrial and civil buildings and other fields. On the basis of prerequisite courses such as soil mechanics, foundation engineering and engineering geology, students have a comprehensive, systematic and in-depth understanding of the basic knowledge, theories and methods of geotechnical engineering through the study of this course, so that they can solve the practical problems of geotechnical engineering. On this basis, they can engage in exploration, design and construction of geotechnical engineering, and have certain research and development capabilities.

前 言

岩土工程（Geotechnical Engineering），直译为“地质技术工程”，是欧美国家于 20 世纪 60 年代在前入土木工程实践的基础上建立起来的一个新的技术体系，它主要是研究岩体和土体工程问题的一门学科。本书主要介绍了岩土工程与地质勘查技术。
        工程勘察技术是建设工程勘察的重要手段，直接服务于地基和基础工程设计。采用合理的勘察技术手段是确保建设工程安全稳定、技术经济合理的关键。本书结合了编者及其教学团队的多年教学、科研、实践的经验，以实用技术及理论基础并重为原则， 协调好基础理论与现代科技间的关系， 吸收先进的生产设备和生产工艺，统筹安排各章内容，使教材内容更能贴近生产实践。
        岩土工程是多门学科交叉的边缘学科，在公路、铁路、桥梁、隧道、堤坝、机场、工业与民用建筑等领域广泛应用。在土力学、基础工程和工程地质等先修课程基础上，学生通过本课程的学习，对岩土工程的基本知识、理论和方法有全面、系统和深入地了解， 使之具有解决岩土工程实际问题的能力， 能从事岩土工程的勘察、设计和施工，并具有一定的研究和开发能力。

In the process of urban development, the subway construction is developing rapidly and the subway transportation network is increasingly improved, which brings great convenience for unban commuting. In oder to solve the traffic problems comprehensively and ensure people to travel conveniently, the subway construction has become people’s first choice. The subway construction project is very dangerous, during the process, any detail will cause safety liability accidents, especially in the process of subway tunnel construction, a slight mistake will cause safety accidents.
        The traffic engineering is a key content in our country’s modernization construction, it makes people’s daily travel more convenient and it can improve people’s quality of life. Under the trend of growing urban population, the subway tunnel can ease the traffic pressure, and it is also an important symbol of a modern city. In the process of construction, the control of construction technology should be strengthened to ensure the quality of subway tunnel project, thus to improve the safety of traveling. The construction technology should be based on the requirements of the projects and the characteristics of
construction area.
        Subway has become the main public transportation system in major cities, which has many advantages, such as comfort, throughput and safety. But due to the underground environment, it needs tunnel construction, thus it has a greater construction difficulty. Especially because most subway projects located in the city center, if the construction technology is not properly selected or the operation management is not in place, it may have an impact on the ground buildings.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a in -depth research of subway tunnel construction technology and strictly control it.

前 言

在城市发展过程中，地铁工程建设如火如荼，地铁交通网络也日趋完善，为城市通勤带来极大的便利。为了全面解决交通问题，保证人们便利出行，地铁建设成为首选。地铁项目建设危险性大，进行施工过程中，任何一个细节都会造成安全责任事故，特别是地铁隧道施工更有难点，稍有不慎就容易出现安全事故。
        交通工程是我国现代化建设中的重点内容，为人们的日常出行营造了便捷的环境，是改善人们生活质量的关键。在城市人口数量不断增加的趋势下，地铁隧道建设能够缓解交通压力，同时也是一个现代化城市的重要标志。在实际施工当中，应该加强施工技术的控制，确保地铁隧道工程的质量，提升人们出行的安全性。施工技术的选择，应该以工程项目要求和施工区域特点为依据。
        地铁现在已经成为各大城市主要公共交通体系，具有舒适性强、运载量大以及安全性高等特点。但是对其施工特点进行分析，因为多处于地下环境，需要采用隧道形式施工，具有较大的施工难度，尤其是地铁工程多处于市中心位置，如果施工技术选择不当以及操作管理不到位等，均有可能会对地面建筑产生影响，必须要对地铁隧道施工技术进行深入研究和严格及控制。

Nowadays, geothermal heating system is the most comfortable, healthy and increasingly popular heating method in the world. Compared with the traditional heating method, geothermal heating does not need to install radiators or occupy any area and has good decorative effect. Besides, it is very comfortable with warm feet and cool upper body.
         With the rapid development of global economy, energy shortage has become a global concern. China’s geothermal energy development enterprises have successfully registered the first Clean Development Mechanism project in the United Nations. The mechanism can promote China’s development and protect the interests of developing countries. After reducing the emission reduction of developed countries to developing countries, developing countries can also obtain technology and funds the international world to carry out emission reduction project efficiently. In the current environment of economic development and with the support of existing technologies, geothermal energy is abundant within the crust which can supply the needs of social development. There are a lot of geothermal fluid and geothermal energy which is now regarded as renewable energy and clean energy.
       Using geothermal energy to replace conventional energy to heat buildings has become one of the effective ways to improve the atmospheric environment. Geothermal heating station has attracted more and more attention because of its small land occupation, low operation cost, high efficiency of comprehensive utilization of resources, fast recovery of funds and minimal air pollution. Geothermal heating can not only save the coal transportation and land occupation, but also reduce the emission of a large number of harmful substances, avoid air pollution and effectively replace conventional energy. The operation cost of geothermal heating is only one fourth of that of oil-fired boiler. Its economic, social and environmental benefits are very prominent so it is particularly favored.

前 言

地热供暖系统是目前国际上最为舒适、健康并且日益普及的采暖方式。地热供暖与传统的供暖方式比较，不用安装暖气片，不占面积，装饰效果好，而且脚下暖上边凉，感觉非常舒服。
        随着全球经济快速发展，能源紧缺成为全球关注问题。我国地热能源开发企业在联合国成功注册了首个清洁发展机制项目。该机制对于我国发展而言有推动作用，机制保障了发展中国家利益。降低发达国家对发展中国家减排量，发展中国家也可以在国际世界里获得技术和资金， 有效 开展减排项目。 地热能源在当前经济发展大环境中，在现有的技术支撑下，地壳内有丰富的能源，这些能源可以供给社会发展需求。有大量的地热流体以及地热能，这是一种可再生的能源，也是洁净能源。
       地热替代常规能源对建筑物进行供暖、供热，已成为改善大气环境的有效途径之一。由于地热供热站占地面积小、运行费用低、资源综合利用收效大、资金回收快，而且对大气污染极小，受到越来越多人们的注意。地热采暖、供热不仅可节省煤炭的运输、占地，还可减少大量有害物质的排放，避免大气污染，能有效替代常规能源。地热采暖的运行成本仅相当于烧油锅炉的四分之一，其经济、社会、环境效益十分明显，因而受到特别的青睐。