With the advent of the era of big data, the rapid development of all kinds of information technology and the sharing and integration of massive information provide a lot of data and technical support for the development of urban and rural planning discipline, and bring it into the era of reading, writing and practical operation of massive information space. The promotion of the national new urbanization strategy makes the cause of urban and rural construction continue to prosper. It is of great practical significance to popularize the basic knowledge of urban planning and design.

  Natural resources, such as air, soil, biology, water and mineral resources, are the basis of human survival and the basic guarantee of social stability and economic development. With the rapid growth of global population, the contradiction among population, resources, environment and food is becoming more and more serious, especially in China with a large population. The per capita possession of natural resources in China is low, and the spatial and temporal distribution of resources is unbalanced. With the rapid development of economy, people’s demand for resources is gradually increasing, which inevitably makes the shortage of resources more and more serious. The unreasonable use of resources and the emergence of global change will further aggravate the contradiction between resource shortage and human demand. In addition, the unreasonable utilization of resources and the increase of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes caused by urban and rural planning have brought serious environmental problems, especially the aggravation of pollution. It is urgent for China to implement the strategy of sustainable development, realize the optimal allocation and sustainable utilization of resources, and coordinate the development of economic society and ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the people’s awareness of resources and environment.

前 言

随着大数据时代的来临，各类信息技术高速发展，海量信息的共享与融合，为城乡规划学科的发展提供大量数据与技术手段支撑，将其带入海量信息空间读写与实际操作的纪元。国家新型城镇化战略的推进，城乡建设事业持续繁荣。推广和普及城市规划与设计的基础知识具有重要的现实意义。
       空气、土壤、生物、水和矿产等自然资源是人类赖以生存的基础，也是社会安定和经济发展的基本保证。随着全球人口数量的急剧增长，人口、资源、环境和粮食之间的矛盾日趋严重，这在人口众多的我国尤为突出。我国自然资源的人均占有量较低、资源的时空分布很不平衡，而且随着经济的高速发展，人们对资源的需求量也在逐步增加，这必然使得资源的短缺程度越来越严重。资源的不合理利用，以及全球变化的出现，将进一步加重资源短缺与人类需求之间的矛盾。此外，城乡规划导致的资源不合理利用和工农业、生活废弃物的增加带来了严重的环境问题，突出表现在污染程度的加剧。这迫切需要我国实行可持续发展战略，实现资源的优化配置和可持续利用，以及经济社会与生态环境的协调发展。为此，必须增强全民的资源环境意识。

Due to the continuous growth of the population and the continuous acceleration of the urbanization process, a large number of people have crowded into big cities, which has led to increasing traffic pressure in big cities. “Traffic restriction, diversion, viaduct, Overpass” and other measures have been unable to meet the growing demand for people. In order to solve the problem of urban traffic jam, London opened the world’s first underground railway system, the London Metropolitan railway, in 1863. In 1969, Beijing opened the first subway line in China. Due to the traffic congestion and the increasing urban population, although the rise of China’s subway is relatively late, it has also achieved rapid development, which has become an important method and way to alleviate the urban traffic pressure.

  At present, the development and utilization of urban underground space is mainly based on the construction of urban subway engineering, taking into account the development of integrated underground pipe gallery, underground parking lot and so on. Subway construction is of great practical significance in solving urban traffic congestion, saving land resources, protecting and improving urban environment, strengthening national defense capability, strengthening disaster prevention capability, and reducing carbon emissions.
    With the development of large-scale railway construction in China, the investment in railway construction has increased significantly. The construction task is heavy and the construction period is tight. Many projects are operated at high altitude, in the field and in deep water, with large population mobility, frequent mechanical transfer, high proportion of new workers and relatively poor safety awareness. In addition, a large number of new technologies and standards are adopted, so the safety risk of railway construction is higher than before, and the safety management of railway construction is arduous.

  Subway construction accidents do great harm to people’s health and safety, social economy and natural environment, leading to casualties, economic losses, environmental damage and other major issues. Researchers and practitioners at home and abroad have been studying how to reduce the construction risk and reduce the occurrence of safety accidents on the construction site. After long-term safety management research and practice, it is found that safety risk identification and early warning is an important part of safety management. Its purpose is to find out the weak links of the project and establish effective measures to avoid safety accidents.

前 言

随着人口的不断增长，城市化进程的不断加快，大量人流涌入大城市，导致了大城市交通压力不断加大。“限行、分流、高架、立交”等措施已经不能满足日益增长的人流需求。 为了解决城市交通堵塞问题， 伦敦于 1863 年开通了世界上首条地下铁路系统——伦敦大都会铁路。 1969 年北京开通了我国第一条地铁线路。虽然地铁在我国起步较晚，但由于交通拥堵问题和城市人口不断增加，地铁在我国取得了快速发展，成为缓解城市交通压力的重要方法和途径。
       目前，城市地下空间的开发利用主要是以城市地铁工程建设为主，兼顾开发地下共同管廊、地下停车场等。在解决城市交通拥堵、节约土地资源、保护和改善城市环境、加强国防及防灾减灾能力、减少碳排放等方面，地铁建设具有十分重要的现实意义。

 随着国家大规模铁路建设的展开，铁路建设投资大幅增加，施工任务重，工期紧，存在大量高处、野外、深水作业，流动性大，机械调动频繁，新工人比例高、安全意识相对较差，再加之新技术新标准的大量采用，因此铁路建设安全风险比以往更高，铁路建设安全管理任务艰巨。
       地铁施工安全事故对人民生命健康安全、社会经济和自然环境产生重大危害，导致了人员伤亡、经济损失、环境破坏等重大问题。国内外的研究人员和从业人员一直都在研究如何降低施工安全风险，减少施工现场安全事故的发生。经过长期的安全管理研究及实践发现，安全风险识别与预警是安全管理的重要环节，其目的就在于寻找工程的薄弱环节并建立有效措施，以避免将来的安全事故。

In the current society, water is an essential basic natural resource and strategic economic resource for human development. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job in the development and utilization of water resources from the planning of water resources and the construction of water conservancy infrastructure. However, in the process of actual planning, development and utilization of water resources, there are often a series of problems, such as unclear planning purpose, unreasonable planning content, incomplete planning scheme and exhaustive development and utilization without considering the sustainability of water resources utilization. Therefore, it is necessary for our water conservancy workers to fully study the principles and guiding ideology of water resources planning, and rationally develop and utilize water resources.

  As an important material resource in urban construction and development, water resource is of great significance to its urban construction and development. Especially in recent years, the gradual deepening of the construction of sustainable development has put forward better requirements for the use of water resources. This book mainly analyzes the existing problems of water resources planning in China at this stage.
  At the same time, due to the complexity and particularity of water resources planning and utilization, it is difficult to compile this book. Mistakes and shortcomings in the book are inevitable, and readers are welcome to give us your advice. It is hoped that the book can provide useful reference for teachers and students in Colleges and universities, experts and scholars in relevant departments, and technical personnel in enterprises.

前 言

在当前社会，水是人类发展所必不可少的基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源。因此，我们有必要从水资源规划和水利基础设施建设开始，做好水资源的开发利用。但在水资源的实际规划及开发利用过程中，往往会出现规划目的不明确、规划内容不合理、规划方案不全面以及穷尽式开发利用不考虑水资源利用的可持续性等一系列问题。因此，我们水利工作者有必要充分学习水资源规划的原则及指导思想，合理开发利用水资源。
      水资源作为城市建设发展中的重要物质资源，对其城市建设发展有着重要意义。尤其是近年来，可持续发展建设的逐渐深入更是对水利资源的使用提出了更好地要求。本书主要针对现阶段我国水资源在规划方面存在的问题进行简要分析。
       同时，由于水资源规划与利用工作的复杂性和特殊性，编撰本书确实有一定难度。书中错误和缺点在所难免，欢迎广大读者不吝赐教。希望该书能为高校师生及相关部门的专家学者、企业技术人员提供有益参考。

With the development of modernization, the scale of China’s infrastructure construction is growing, and hydrogeological survey has gradually attracted people’s attention. Hydrogeological exploration requires that measures should be taken according to local conditions, and corresponding schemes should be adopted according to different geographical environment in order to ensure the smooth progress of the project.
  Water environment is an important part of the natural environment. It is not only a necessary condition for the survival of human beings and all other living things, but also an indispensable and irreplaceable resource for the development of national economy. With the growth of population and economy, the demand for water resources is increasing, and the water environment is deteriorating. The shortage of water resources has become a global problem. The protection and management of water resources is an important guarantee to maintain the sustainable utilization of water resources and realize the benign cycle of water resources. Management is a series of planning, organization, coordination, incentive, regulation, command, supervision, implementation and control activities to achieve a certain goal. Protection is a method and control measure to prevent things from being destroyed. Water resources management and protection are the two most important and concerned aspects of water affairs in China. Water resources management includes the overall planning and management of water resources from the aspects of quantity, quality, economy, ownership, planning, investment, law, administration, engineering, digitization and safety. Water resources protection uses various technologies and policies to control and control pollution prevention and control of water resources.

前 言

现代化的发展，促使我国基础设施建设规模的壮大，水文地质勘察工作也开始逐渐引起了人们的注意。水文地质勘查要求因地制宜，根据地区不同的地理环境来采用相应的方案来进行勘察，进而确保工程的顺利进行。
      水资源是自然环境的重要组成部分，又是环境生命的血液。它不仅是人类与其他一切生物生存的必要条件，也是国民经济发展不可缺少和无法替代的资源。随着 人口与经济的增长，水资源的需求量不断增加，水环境又不断恶化，水资源短缺已经成为全球性问题。水资源的保护与管理，是维持水资源可持续利用、实现水资源 良性循环的重要保证，管理是为达到某种目标而实施的一系列计划、组织、协调、 激励、调节、指挥、监督、执行和控制活动。保护是防止事物被破坏而实施的方法 和控制措施。水资源管理与保护是我国现今涉水事务中最重要的并受到较多关注的两个方面。水资源管理包括对水资源从数量、质量、经济、权属、规划、投资、法律、行政、工程、数字化、安全等方面进行统筹和管理，水资源保护则用各种技术及政策对水资源的防污及治污进行控制和治理。

In recent years, the capital construction projects of water conservancy projects have been highly valued by the state, and the construction projects of water conservancy projects have also developed rapidly. However, the number and quality of water conservancy engineering technicians are far from meeting the requirements. Especially in small and medium-sized water conservancy projects, the management and technical level of the person in charge of the actual project is low, the improvement of project quality and safety situation is not fast, and there are potential safety hazards in the construction project. This book is a collection of modern water conservancy project management and construction, in order to improve the business level of the person in charge of the construction site, and to provide personnel support for the construction of water conservancy projects.

  The construction of water conservancy project is an independent science to study the corresponding construction methods and technical measures taken from the aspects of technology, process, materials, equipment, organization and management according to the requirements of engineering structure, quantity, quality and environmental protection proposed in the design, so as to ensure the quality of engineering construction and realize the design requirements economically and quickly. This book is compiled according to the construction specifications of water conservancy projects and the author's many years of construction experience. The main contents include water conservancy project construction overview, construction diversion and drainage, concrete engineering construction, water conservancy project construction quality control, water conservancy project construction progress control, water conservancy project construction cost control, water conservancy project acceptance. In the process of compilation, new specifications and standards are adopted in connection with the actual situation of current water conservancy project construction, and the application of advanced construction technology and construction machinery at home and abroad is appropriately reflected.

前 言

水利工程基本建设项目近年来得到国家的高度重视，水利工程建设项目也迅速发展，但随之而来的是水利工程技术人员的数量和质量远远满足不了要求，特别是中小型水利工程现场实际工程负责人的管理和技术水平较低，工程质量、安全状况提升不快，工程建设项目存在安全隐患。谨以此书对现代水利工程管理与施工进行汇集，为提高施工现场负责人的业务水平，为水利工程建设提供人员保障做指导。
       水利工程施工是按照设计提出的工程结构、数量，质量及环境保护等要求，研究从技术、工艺、材料、装备、组织和管理等方面采取的相应施工方法和技术措施，以确保工程建设质量，经济、快速地实现设计要求的一门独立的科学。本书根据水利工程施工规程规范，结合作者多年施工经验编写而成。主要内容包括水利工程施工概述、施工导流与降排水、混凝土工程施工、水利工程施工质量控制、水利工程施工进度控制、水利工程施工成本控制、水利工程验收。编写过程中，联系当前水利工程施工的实际情况，采用新规范、新标准，并适当反映目前国内外先进施工技术、施工机械的应用。