With the rapid development of science and technology and the increasingly expanding areas between interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary, it makes mining industry enterprises develop from production technology to management technology. Therefore, for the students of geology, measurement, electromechanical and other majors related to mining, it is required that they not only understand the knowledge structure and knowledge system of the major, but also understand the method, process and technology of mineral deposit.

Mineral resource is basic and strategic for living and development of human society. In our country, above 95% energy and 80% raw materials come from mineral resource.

With the development of economy, the ascertained high-quality mineral resource is nearly exhausted. It not only makes China face the crisis of serious shortage of total supply of non-ferrous materials, but also challenges the traditional geology, mining, beneficiation, metallurgy, materials, processing, environment and other science and technology after the complex low-grade ore resources or secondary resources that are "difficult to explore, difficult to mine, difficult to concentrate and difficult to smelt" gradually become the main raw materials. The low quality of resources will make China's non-ferrous metal industry and related industries face the crisis of survival competition. The development of China's nonferrous metal industry urgently needs new theories and new technologies that adapt to the characteristics of China's resources. The publication of non-ferrous metal science and technology books with complete system, leading level and mutual integration plays an important role in improving the independent innovation ability of China's non-ferrous metal industry, promoting the application of new theories and technologies with high efficiency, low consumption, no pollution and comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal resources, and ensuring the sustainable development of China's non-ferrous metal industry.

With the progress of science and technology and the renewal of people's understanding of the utilization of the earth's material resources, the number of mineable minerals will continue to increase, and the development of industry, agriculture and social economy will demand more and more mineral resources and rely on them more and more.

As the carrier of mineral resources, mines have made great contribution to the development of national economy. At the same time, the extensive development mode of some mines at the expense of environment has also brought serious environmental problems, which make mines bear too much environmental pressure. Mine environmental problems are mainly manifested in the impact on the mine water environment, atmospheric environment, acoustic environment and ecological environment, especially on the ecological environment. The impact of mineral development on the environment is all-round.

Due to the limitation of the editor's level, we sincerely hope that readers will criticize and make suggestions on the mistakes and inadequacies of this book. Thank you very much.

前言

科学技术的进步日新月异，学科间、专业间的交叉范围日益扩大，这使得采矿工业企业由生产技术型向管理技术型发展，因此，对与采矿专业相关的地质、测量、机电等专业的学生，要求其不仅要了解本专业的知识结构和知识体系，还要了解采矿专业矿床的开采方法、工艺和技术。

矿产资源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础战略资源，我国95%的能源和80%以上的原材料均来自矿产资源。

随着经济的发展，已探明的优质矿产资源接近枯竭，不仅使我国面临有色金属材料总量供应严重短缺的危机，而且因为“难探、难采、难选、难冶”的复杂低品位矿石资源或二次资源逐步成为主体原料后，对传统的地质、采矿、选矿、冶金、材料、加工、环境等科学技术提出了巨大挑战。资源的低质化将会使我国有色金属工业及相关产业面临生存竞争的危机。我国有色金属工业的发展迫切需要适应我国资源特点的新理论、新技术。系统完整、水平领先和相互融合的有色金属科技图书的出版，对于提高我国有色金属工业的自主创新能力，促进高效、低耗、无污染、综合利用有色金属资源的新理论与新技术的应用，确保我国有色金属产业的可持续发展，具有重大的推动作用。

随着科技进步和人们对地球物质可资源化利用认识的更新，可开采矿种将不断增加，工、农业和社会经济的发展对矿产资源的需求量将越来越大,对其依赖性也越来越强。

矿山作为矿产资源的载体，在其矿业生产对我国国民经济发展做出重大贡献的同时，一些矿山粗放的、以牺牲环境为代价的开发方式，也带来了严重的矿山环境问题，使矿山承受了太多的环境压力。矿山环境问题主要表现在对矿山水环境、大气环境、声环境和生态环境的影响，尤其是对生态环境的影响。矿产开发对环境的影响是全方位的。

由于编者的水平所限，诚挚地希望读者对本书的错误和不妥之处提出批评与建议，在此表示衷心的感谢！

Orthopaedics is one of the most common departments in major hospitals. The department mainly focuses on the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the skeletal muscle system and keeps and develops the normal morphology and functions by using medicine, surgery and physical methods. With the development and improvement of scientific technology, Orthopaedics has a great development in diagnosis and treatment. The establishment and development of hand surgery make the diagnosis and treatment technology of hand injury popularized and improved rapidly. Orthopaedic rehabilitation is an important branch of orthopaedic research. Orthopaedic rehabilitation is of great significance to rehabilitation medicine. Throughout the development process of rehabilitation medicine over the years, most studies believe that the development of modern rehabilitation medicine is closely related to the recovery of the survival ability of the wounded after World War II. In addition, in modern rehabilitation medicine, orthopaedic rehabilitation patients and diseases also occupy a considerable proportion. At present, orthopaedic rehabilitation is in the stage of rapid development, which is mainly reflected in the diagnosis of orthopaedic diseases, functional evaluation, the formulation and implementation of rehabilitation plan, etc. This becomes more and more rich, and the level of orthopaedic rehabilitation technology has also been significantly improved. It effectively accelerates the functional recovery of patients after surgery, so as to make full preparation for the early rehabilitation training. This book systematically summarizes the traditional Chinese medicine, medical diagnosis and treatment methods and rehabilitation treatment methods of orthopaedic diseases, so as to guide our future work on clinical orthopaedic treatment practice.

前言

骨科是各大医院最常见的科室之一，主要研究骨骼肌肉系统的解剖、生理与病理, 运用药物、手术及物理方法保持和发展这一系统的正常形态与功能。随着科学技术的 发展和进步，骨科学在诊断、治疗方面有了很大的进展。手外科的建立和发展，使手外伤的诊治技术迅速得到普及和提高。骨科康复是骨科研究中的一个重要分支，骨科 康复对康复医学而言具有重要的意义。纵观康复医学历年来的发展过程，多数研究认 为现代康复医学的发展和二战后伤员生存能力恢复密切相关。此外，在现代康复医学 中，骨科康复的患者与疾病也占有相当的分量。目前，骨科康复学正处于快速发展的 阶段，主要体现在骨科疾病的诊断方式、功能评定、康复计划的制订与实施等方面变 得愈加丰富，并且骨科康复技术水平也获得明显的提高，有效地加快了患者术后的功 能恢复，从而为早期康复训练的开展做好充分的准备。本书系统归纳了骨科疾病的中医、 医诊治法及康复治疗方法，以作为 骨科临床治疗实践的参考依据，指导我们今后的工作。

Due to the further development of our country's transportation, the increasing highway capacity and highway traffic volume directly lead to the increasing vehicle load on the highway bridge. While the development of bridge management and maintenance is very slow. Therefore, it is an urgent challenge for us to strengthen the ideological understanding, further improve the bridge management and maintenance, strengthen the bridge detection means, accurately analyze and judge the causes of bridge diseases, and keep the bridge in good working condition.

The book, Construction and Management of Highway and Bridge Engineering, first introduces the highway and bridge construction projects in China, and then puts forward some problems about highway and bridge construction, including the analysis of key and difficult problems in construction technology and construction, as well as solutions and innovative methods. There are also some discussions on the management of highway and bridge construction in China, such as the problems and difficulties encountered in the work, as well as the new planning and problem plan putted forward in the project management. It also refers to the quotation of the new technology of the highway bridge construction. The specific content is relatively broad. Of course, when we talk about the construction and management of the highway bridge, the topic is relatively wide. If there are any omissions or mistakes, the readers and friends are welcomed to give feedback so we can exchange thoughts and study together.

前言

由于我国交通事业的进一步发展，不断提高的公路通行能力以及不断增加的公路交通量，这直接导致公路桥梁承受的车辆荷载不断加大，而桥梁的管理和维护发展却十分缓慢。所以，增强思想认识，进一步提高桥梁管理与维护，加强桥梁检测手段，准确分析判断桥梁病害原因，保持桥梁完好的工作状态，是我们急需面临的挑战。

《公路桥梁建设与管理》这本书首先对我国的公路桥梁建设工程做了简要介绍，再提出了关于公路桥梁建设的一些问题，包括施工技术和施工重难点问题分析，以及解决措施和创新方法，还有针对我国公路工程桥梁建设的管理工作方面的一些探讨，譬如提到了管理工作中遇到的问题和困境，以及在工程管理中提出的新的规划和问题计划等，又提到了公路桥梁建设的新技术的引用问题，具体涵盖的内容还是比较宽泛的，当然我们在提到公路桥梁的建设与管理工作的时候，话题比较广，如果有出现疏漏或者错误的地方欢迎广大读者朋友进行反馈，以供我们共同交流学习。

As the leading and basic industry of national economy, highway construction plays a role of guarantee and support for the economic and social development, and bears a major social responsibility. It is the common responsibility and aspiration of highway builders to strengthen the sense of responsibility and urgency, and maintain the harmonious coexistence and coordinated development of environmental conditions and transportation standing at the height of the overall situation and the whole society. To realize the construction management of highway engineering, we should start from the quality management cost management and the information construction of highway engineering.

To achieve the sustained development of highway career, highway engineering construction and management must improve its own ability. It is depended on the Powerful and efficient network information management system to manage well about the quality and price.

前言

公路建设作为国民经济的先行行业和基础产业，对经济社会发展起着保障、支撑作用，担负着重大的社会职责。站在全局、全社会的高度，切实增强责任感和紧迫感，保持环境条件与交通事业的和谐共生、协调发展，是公路建设者共同责任和心愿。要实现公路工程的建设管理就要分别从质量管理造价管理和公路工程的信息化建设抓起。

在公路工程建设管理中，要实现公路事业的可持续进步， 公路工程建设管理就必须提高自身能力，进行改进。管好质量和价格两大关键还需要依靠强有力的，高效率的网络化信息管理系统。

The relationship between foreign trade and economic management has always been an important research content of development economists and international economists. Regional economy is an important part of the national economy and a spatial system of the national economy. According to its essence, a regional economy is a national economy with regional characteristics. An international foreign trade is based on regional foreign trade. The comparative advantage and realization model of a country’s participation in international division of labor and foreign trade are based on the regional competitiveness of resources in each region of the country. Therefore, the economic development concept of international trade theory can be used not only for analysis of macroeconomic development, but also for guiding economic practices in different regions within a country. Regional participation in foreign trade within a country is not only conducive to giving play to regional comparative advantages, improving labor efficiency, saving social labor, and increasing social wealth; it also helps to attract competitive mechanisms and introduce foreign advanced technology, production methods, economic systems, equipment, and management experience to generate latecomer advantages and realize the reconstruction of regional comparative advantages.

Therefore, this book analyzes and discusses foreign trade and economic management in detail from the content of seven chapters, hoping to have some help.

前言

对外贸易与经济管理的关系问题一直是发展经济学家和国际经济学家研究的重要内容。区域经济是国民经济的重要组成部分，是一个国家经济的空间系统，按其实质来说，区域经济是具有区域特色的国民经济。一个国际的对外贸易是以地区对外贸易为基础，一个国家参与国际分工和对外贸易的比较优势和实现模式是建立在该国各地区的资源区域竞争力基础之上。因此，国际贸易理论的经济发展观既可以用于宏观经济发展的分析，也可以用于指导一国之内不同地区的经济实践。一国之内的区域参与对外贸易不仅有利于发挥地区比较优势，提高劳动效率，节约社会劳动，增加社会财富;而且有助于引人竞争机制，引进国外先进的技术、生产方式、经济体制、设备和管理经验，产生后发优势，实现区域比较优势的再造。

因此，本书从七章内容对对外贸易与经济管理进行详细的分析和探讨，希望有一定的帮助。