For a construction project, its entire life cycle includes the decision-making phase, the implementation phase and the use phase. The content of the implementation phase mainly includes design and construction. It is the key to the success of a construction project. When a design drawing is put into construction, it determines the nature and cost of the construction project. However, with the development of productivity and technological progress, while satisfying people's living needs, buildings have been given the characteristics of the times. In order to meet the needs of modernization of buildings, the design tasks of construction projects are more onerous and complicated. Therefore, in order to better complete the design tasks of construction engineering projects, it is necessary to take efficient planning, organization, guidance and control, so as to achieve effective management of design work and ensure the realization of design project goals.

Project cost management is a technical, professional, and highly policy-oriented job that runs through the entire process of project investment decision-making, design, bidding, construction to final accounts and post-evaluation. Therefore, the key to effectively controlling the cost of a project is not only to strengthen the control of the cost of a certain stage, but alsoto control and manage the cost of the entire process of the construction project. The core of the whole process cost management is the reasonable determination and effective control of the cost. The purpose of controlling the project cost is not only to control the project investment not exceeding the approved cost limit, but also to have a more positive meaning in the rational use of human, material and financial resources, and to obtain greater investment benefit.

Therefore, the book is divided into eight chapters to elaborate and analyze the design and construction of construction and engineering cost, hoping to help relevant staff to carry out the project.

前言 

对于一个建筑工程项目而言，其全生命周期包括决策阶段、实施阶段和使用阶段，而实施阶段的内容主要包括设计和施工，设计在项目的实施阶段中处于主导地位，是后期施工的依据，是建筑工程项目能否成功的关键。当一份设计图纸付诸于施工时，就决定了建筑工程项目的本质与造价。然而，随着生产力的发展与技术的进步，在满足人们居住需求的同时，建筑物被赋予了时代的特色，为满足建筑的现代化需求，建筑工程项目的设计任务更加繁重、复杂。因此，为更好地完成建筑工程项目的设计任务，需要采取高效率的计划、组织、指导和控制，从而实现设计工作的有效管理，以保证设计项目目标的实现。

工程造价管理是一项技术性、专业性、政策性很强的工作，贯穿于项目投资决策、设计、招投标、施工到竣工决算及后评价的全过程。所以，有效地控制工程造价的关键，不仅是在某一个阶段的造价上加强管控，而是要对建设工程项目的全部过程进行造价控制和管理。全过程造价管理的核心是造价的合理确定与有效控制，控制工程造价的目的不仅在于控制项目投资不超过批准的造价限额，更积极意义在于合理使用人力、物力、财力，以及取得更大的投资效益。

因此，本书分八章内容对建筑设计施工与工程造价进行详细的阐述与分析，希望有助于相关工作人员的项目开展。

The development of infrastructure has great significance to the social state, and the construction industry is exactly the same. The development of the construction industry can effectively stimulate the development of the regional economy and provide more and more abundant space for human activities. The control of building construction quality is related to the safety of people's lives and property. It can not only affect the normal activities of human beings, but also be closely related to the security of national defense.

In summary, it is of great practical significance to attach great importance to the quality level of buildings and improve quality control and management methods. At present, domestic quality control methods or means are mainly targeted at the construction stage. Various factors during the construction stage will directly affect the quality of the building, which is the key to quality control. Therefore, this book focuses on quality control during the construction phase.

For a long time, due to the varying levels of competence of building construction practitioners, some managers have failed to take construction quality control as the focus of enterprise management, and quality-center awareness and quality are relatively weak. At the same time, with the continuous development and change of construction engineering projects, the diversification of building types, and the complication of construction technology, the problems of construction management in construction companies continue to be exposed. For example, the construction quality management system is not complete, the staff is low and the quality is low, the construction operations are not standardized, the technical documentation and other documents cannot be properly implemented, the process acceptance and problem analysis personnel are lacking, and the building materials are not in place.

These problems have seriously reduced the construction efficiency, increased the probability of construction accidents, hindered the normal progress of the project, and damaged the corporate image. Therefore, the key to the level of house construction quality lies in the use of the content and methods of quality control during the construction process. Based on this, this book has studied the main content and methods of quality control in the construction process from the eight chapters, verified the practical significance of quality control, and also provided a strong practical basis for other engineering applications and theoretical research.

前言

基础设施的发展对社会国家具有重要意义，建筑行业正是如此。建筑业的发展能够有效刺激区域经济的发展，为人类活动提供更多更丰富的活动空间。房屋建筑质量的控制关乎人民生命财产安全，它不仅能够影响人类的正常活动，甚至与国防安全息息相关。

综上，高度重视建筑质量水平，改善质量控制与管理方法，具有重要的现实意义。目前国内质量控制的手段或方法主要针对施工阶段，施工阶段的各种因素会直接影响建筑质量的优劣，是质量控制的关键所在。因此，本书重点研究施工阶段质量控制。

长期以来，由于建筑施工从业人员能力水平良莠不齐，有些管理者未能将施工质量控制作为企业管理的重点，以质量为中心的质量意识和质量素质比较薄弱。同时伴随着建筑工程项目的不断发展和变化、建筑类型的多样化、施工工艺复杂化，施工企业在建筑管理上的问题不断暴露。例如，施工质量管理制度不健全，人员少且素质低，施工操作不规范，技术交底等文件不能正确执行，质量验收及问题分析等过程责任人缺少，建筑材料把关不到位等。

这些问题严重降低了施工效率，增加了建筑事故的发生概率，也阻碍了项目的正常推进，损害了企业形象。因此，房屋施工质量的水平高低的关键在于施工过程对质量控制的内容及方法的运用。基于此，本书从八章内容研究了建筑工程在施工过程中质量控制的主要内容及方法，验证了质量控制的实际意义，也为其他工程应用及理论研究提供了有力的实践基础。

When there is any accident or emergency, how to use the on-site materials to temporarily properly, perform preliminary rescue, care for the injured and sick according to the principles of medical care before the medical staff arrives, and then rush to the hospital is the overarching issue which health care practitioners need to consider when facing emergencies and acute illnesses It is also the original intention of this book.

This book consists of 11 chapters. It contains basic theoretical knowledge such as introduction, first aid, and nursing, as well as pre-hospital emergency, cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, shock, traumatic rescue, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, physio-chemical, the clinical emergency knowledge and nursing skills of specific acute illness and emergency, such as the emergency treatment of emergency patients, common acute critical care, and common acute critical care.The book is a combination of theory and practice and it is a reference book which is suitable for practical first aid and nursing.

前言

当有任何意外或急病发生时，如何在医护人员到达前，按医学护理的原则，利用现场适用物资临时且适当地为伤病者进行的初步救援及护理，然后从速送往医院，是我们事发现场医护从业人员在面临突发状况与急症疾病时所需考虑的首要问题，也是本书创作的初衷所在。

本书共11章，书中既有绪论、急救基础、护理基础等基础理论知识，又有如院前急救、心搏骤停与心肺脑复苏、休克、创伤救护、多器官功能障碍综合征、理化因素急症病人的救护处理、常见急危重症救护、常见急危重症救护等具体急病急症的临床急救知识与护理技能，是一本理论与实际相结合，且贴合实际应用的急救与护理方面的工具书。

The environment is a space for human survival, and good ecological indicators need to be maintained in order to meet human survival and development. Through good and scientific environmental monitoring, we can timely grasp the trends of pollution around us, and through feasibility analysis, we can form pollution prevention plans to avoid environmental degradation and endanger human survival and development. Environmental monitoring is an important part of environmental protection. The environment is evaluated and analyzed, and objective scientific basis is provided according to the quality status to ensure that the environment meets the needs of survival. In the process of environmental monitoring, it is necessary to comprehensively ensure that all types of data are representative, accurate, precise, comparable, and complete. Only good data can accurately measure the environment. Rational use of scientific environmental restoration technology can create a better environment for humankind.

This book will discuss environmental monitoring technology, air environment monitoring, water quality environment monitoring, environmental noise monitoring, environmental biological monitoring, solid waste monitoring, environmental remediation methods, and the repair of different environmental problems.

前言

环境是人类生存的空间，需要保持良好的生态指标，才能满足人类生存与发展。通过良好科学的环境监测，能够及时掌握好身边污染动向，并通过可行性分析，形成预防污染预案，避免环境出现恶化，危害人类生存与发展，环境监测是环境保护工作重要内容，通过监测全面对环境进行评价分析，根据质量状况提供客观科学依据，确保环境符合生存需要。进行环境监测过程中，需要全面确保各类数据具备代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性，只有良好的数据，才能够精准衡量环境。并合理地运用科学的环境修复技术为人类制造更加美好的环境空间。

       本书将对环境监测技术、空气环境监测、水质环境监测、环境噪声监测、环境生物监测、固体废弃物的监测、环境修复方法、不同环境问题的修复等方面进行论述。

Transportation is the basic and leading industry of the national economy. The development level of this industry is extremely important to the development of the national economy. With the rapid development of the world economy, China's national economy has also been greatly improved. In the past, transportation has changed from a single mode of transport to a common development of multiple modes of transport, making the development of transportation more diversified. The level of transportation development has also improved. As an important part of economic development, transportation cannot be ignored. After China's reform and opening up, industrial and agricultural production has developed rapidly, and the economic foundation has been increasingly strengthened. With the acceleration of urbanization and economic development, various road and bridge transportation projects have also sprung up. This requires our roads and bridges and transportation. Engineering design, construction, management technology and theoretical knowledge can keep pace with the times and achieve systematic and substantial breakthroughs.

This book is divided into eight chapters, including sustainable development of road engineering, road engineering design, road construction and management, bridge engineering, bridge construction management, road and bridge engineering maintenance, traffic engineering and traffic facility engineering. Among them, a lot of space is used to explain road and bridge engineering, especially the design and construction management of road engineering. The reason that only the last two chapters separately explain transportation facility engineering and its sustainable development concept is that road and bridge engineering itself is actually part of traffic engineering. Therefore, I will not repeat them here.

In the face of the ever-changing project construction reality, this book has put forward in some chapters some of the problems we are facing and the reasons for their existence, and put forward related measures and reflections, hoping to provide a reference for the majority of road and bridge and traffic workers This is why we wrote the book Roads and Bridges and Traffic Engineering. Because the book is relatively cumbersome, the format, depth, and breadth of the chapters may not be consistent, and errors are unavoidable. Readers can criticize and correct it.

前言 

交通运输是国民经济的基础性、先导性产业，该产业的发展水平与国民经济的发展有着极为重要的联系。随着世界经济的高速发展，我国的国民经济也同样得到了较大的提高，在交通运输上由过去单一的交通工具，变成多种交通工具的共同发展，使得交通运输的发展更加多样化，交通运输的发展水平也有所提高。作为经济发展的重要一环，交通运输不容忽视。而我国在改革开放后，工农业生产迅速发展，经济基础日益增强，随着城市化进程以及经济发展的加快，各类路桥交通工程也如雨后春笋般建设起来，这就要求我们的道路桥梁与交通工程的设计、施工、管理技术与理论知识能够与时俱进，取得系统地、实质性地突破。

本书分为八个章节，内容包括道路工程、道路工程设计、道路施工与管理、桥梁工程、桥梁施工管理、道路桥梁工程养护、交通工程与交通设施工程的可持续发展。其中用大量篇幅来阐述路桥工程，尤其是道路工程的设计与施工管理，只在最后两章分别阐述交通设施工程及其可持续发展理念的原因在于，路桥工程本身其实也算交通工程的一部分，因此这里也就不再赘述。

面对日新月异的工程项目建设实际，这本书在各章节中都有提出一些我们正面临的问题及其存在的原因，并提出了相关措施和思考，希望可以为广大路桥及交通工作者提供参考，这也是我们编写《道路桥梁与交通工程》这本书的用意所在。由于本书涉及知识较烦琐，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，敬请广大读者批评指正。