Electric power industry is the basic energy industry of national economic production, which plays an important role in the modernization construction, involving industry, agriculture, national defense construction, science and technology and various fields of national economic construction. China’s power industry is booming, the installed capacity of power generation is growing rapidly, the scale of power grid is expanding, and the grid structure is becoming closer and closer. In 2020, China’s installed capacity of power generation will be ranked first in the world. In the next 20 years, China will be the largest market for the global power industry and electrical manufacturing industry. At present, the scale of China’s electric power industry ranks the second in the world, and the power demand in most areas can be met. However, there is still a considerable gap between China’s electrification level and that of developed countries, especially in terms of per capita electricity consumption, which is only one third of the world average level. Therefore, it is of great significance for our country to realize leapfrog development in the 21st century to cultivate high-level talents of electrical engineering specialty and promote the
construction of electric power industry.
    Electrical engineering is a profession with a long history. After more than 100 years of continuous development, electrical engineering has gradually developed into a new electrical engineering discipline. So far, electrical engineering has become an independent discipline with wide coverage, perfect theoretical system, successful engineering practice and wide application field. Electrical engineering has brought great and profound influence to
many aspects of human society. In the past 100 years, electrical engineering has been playing a very important role in China’s higher education. It has trained a large number of planning, design, construction, production and management and scientific and technological talents for the country. They have made great contributions to the construction of electrical engineering and other fields in China.

前 言

电力工业是国民经济生产的基础能源工业，对于现代化建设具有举足轻重的地位，涉及工业、农业、国防建设、科学技术以及国民经济建设的各个领域。我国电力工业正在蓬勃发展，发电装机容量迅速增长，电网规模不断扩大、网架日趋紧密，2020 年，我国发电装机容量将稳居世界第一。未来 20 年，中国将是全球电力工业和电工制造业的最大市场。目前我国电力工业的规模已居世界第二位，大部分地区电力需求能得到满足。然而，我国电气化水平和发达国家还有相当一段差距，尤其在人均用电量方面，仅为世界平均水平的三分之一。因此，培养适应新时期电气工程类专业的高级人才， 促进电力工业建设， 对于 21 世纪我国实现跨越式发展具有重要意义。
       电气工程专业是一门历史悠久的专业。经过一百多年的不断发展，电气工程专业已逐步发展成为一个新兴的电气工程学科。至今，电气工程学科已形成为学科覆盖面广、学科理论体系完善、工程实践成功、应用领域宽广的一门独立学科。电气工程给人类社会的许多方面带来了巨大而深刻的影响。近一百年来，电气工程专业在我国高等教育中一直占据着十分重要的地位，为国家培养了大批的规划、设计、建设、生产及管理和科技人才，他们为我国电气工程的建设及其他领域的工作作出了巨大的贡献。

As an emerging IT technology in recent years, blockchain may bring changes to any social cooperation mode with credit endorsement by third-party institutions, and trigger profound changes in the fields of financial services, enterprise operation, social life and even social governance.
    Blockchain is a decentralized and distrusted distributed ledger technology, which is composed of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other technologies. Blockchain is the underlying technology originated from bitcoin. Although the blockchain technology is still in development, there are still many problems to be solved, but with the continuous improvement of the basic platform, the application of blockchain will get rapid development. At present, on the one hand, blockchain has a dazzling aura, on the other hand, there are still many problems to be solved in practical applications, such as a large number of redundant storage. Shared data brings challenges in data security and privacy protection. In decentralized and anonymous blockchain system, private key is used to manage user assets. Once the private key is lost, the corresponding asset ownership will also be lost. However, nowadays, the protection of private key is basically realized by software, and it is possible to be broken in theory. In addition, there are also some contradictions between the protection and verification of sensitive data on the chain. People not only hope that important information is invisible to irrelevant parties, but also need stakeholders to verify information in some scenarios. In addition, there are also some problems in smart contract, such as the existing judicial system’s understanding and acceptance of smart contract, some qualitative contract terms are difficult to be expressed in code, and the impact of code defects on the implementation of smart contract. These problems of blockchain need to be further explored, and a lot of hard work needs to be done.

前 言

区块链作为近年来新兴的 IT 技术， 对任何由第三方机构来进行信用背书的社会协作模式都可能会带来改变，并在金融服务、企业运作、社会生活甚至社会治理等领域引发深远的变革。
        区块链是一种去中心化、去信任化的分布式账本技术，由分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等多种技术集合而成。区块链是起源于比特币的底层技术，虽然区块链技术仍在发展之中，仍有不少问题需要解决，但是随着基础平台的不断完善，区块链应用将得到快速发展。当前，区块链一方面带有耀眼的光环，另一方面在现实应用中还存在着很多问题亟待解决，比如，大量冗余存储等。共享的数据带来数据安全和隐私保护等方面的挑战； 在去中心化、 匿名的区块链系统中，使用私钥管理用户资产，私钥一旦丢失，对应的资产所有权也将丢失，而如今应用对于私钥保护基本上是用软件来实现的，理论上都存在被攻破的可能性。另外，链上敏感数据的保护与验证也存在一定的矛盾，人们既希望重要的信息对于无关者不可见，又需要相关者在一些场景下验证信息。除此之外，智能合约也存在着一些问题，如现有司法系统对智能合约的理解和接受程度问题，部分定性合同条款难以用代码来表述的问题，代码缺陷对智能合约执行影响的问题等。对于区块链的这些问题还需要进一步探索，还有大量艰苦的工作要做。

Construction engineering is a systematic project with unique characteristics of one-time, fixed value and long cycle. Construction management of construction engineering runs through the whole life cycle of engineering construction, with many influencing factors, and involves multiple organizations such as construction unit, design unit and supervision unit, which further increases the workload and work difficulty of project construction management personnel. In addition, with the increasing scale of various construction projects, there are some differences in the cost of the same type of projects. This also makes the same type of project cost has a certain difference, which not only brings certain economic losses to the construction project, but also can not guarantee the overall construction quality of the construction project. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of construction projects in China, it is necessary to apply cost management to construction projects. Through reasonable cost management and control to achieve the control of construction engineering resources, it can effectively reduce the economic cost of the project, thus ensuring the overall construction quality of the construction project, so as to achieve higher economic benefits. Therefore, in order to further improve the construction management level of enterprises, the relevant staff must fully understand the actual situation of the project, trace back to the source, find the root of the problems affecting the construction of the project, and take relevant measures to solve them, so as to ensure that the construction management mechanism of the project can play its due role and function. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the application of construction cost and management, so as to make a certain contribution to the construction of high-quality projects in line with the requirements of the contract.
    This book mainly elaborates the modern construction technology and cost from ten chapters. The content is comprehensive and detailed, and it has certain help to the construction staff of our country.

前 言

建筑工程是有着一次性、固定值和周期长等独特特点的系统性工程，而建筑工程施工管理贯穿于工程建设的全生命周期，影响因素较多，且涉及建设单位、设计单位和监理单位等多方组织， 进一步加大了工程施工管理人员的工作量和工作难度。除此之外，随着各个建筑工程的规模逐渐加大，这也使得同种类型工程造价存在了一定的差异，这不仅给建筑工程带来了一定的经济损失，同时也不能保证建筑工程整体的施工质量。因此，为保证我国建筑工程质量，就要将造价管理应用到建筑工程中来，通过借助合理造价管理和控制来实现对建筑工程各项资源的控制，同时还能有效的减少工程的经济成本投放量，进而保证建筑工程整体施工质量，从而取得更高的经济效益。因此，为进一步提升企业建筑工程施工管理水平，有关工作人员必须在充分了解工程项目实际情况的基础上，追本溯源，找到影响工程项目施工问题的根源，并针对性地采取相关措施加以解决，尽可能地保证工程项目施工管理机制发挥其应有的作用和功能，同时，加强施工造价与管理更好的应用，为建设符合合同要求的高质量工程做出一定的贡献。
       本书主要从十章内容对现代建筑施工技术与造价进行阐述，内容全面详细，对我国建筑工作人员有一定的帮助。

With the rapid development of China’s economy, construction has become the most dynamic industry. Throughout the country, tens of thousands of high-rise buildings have sprung up; the rapid development of highway and railway construction has made remarkable achievements. The crisscross highway network and railway network continue to extend and improve, effectively promoting the sustained, rapid and healthy growth of the national economy. At present, the scale and variety of construction projects are expanding day by day, showing a vigorous development momentum. In the past 20 years, China’s highway construction has achieved leapfrog development, and has completed the 40 years’ journey of developed countries. Due to the construction speed is too fast, the design cycle is short and the design concept is old, some problems are exposed in the highway survey and design. Among them, it is an important task for highway builders to deal with the harmonious relationship between highway development and environment and the effective utilization of resources.
    For the whole construction industry, improving the technical level and professional skills of construction personnel can effectively improve product quality and social benefits. For construction personnel, improving their professional quality, especially some high-tech operation level, can greatly improve the efficiency of labor production, reduce labor intensity, speed up the progress of the project, and reduce safety accidents. Therefore, improving the professional and technical level of the majority of construction personnel has become the top priority of the construction industry. Starting from the design of highway engineering, this paper discusses the whole process of highway engineering, so as to deepen the research of highway engineering design, ensure the quality of highway engineering, and improve the construction quality of highway engineering.

前 言

随着我国经济的快速发展， 建设已成为当今最具有活力的一个行业。 纵观全国，数以万计的高楼拔地而起；公路、铁路建设发展迅猛，成就斐然，纵横交错的公路网和铁路网不断延伸、完善，有力地推动着国民经济持续快速健康增长。当前，建设工程的规模日益扩大，种类日益繁多，呈现出蓬勃发展的势头。近 20 年，我国公路建设实现了跨越式发展，走完了发达国家 40 年走过的路程。由于建设速度过快、设计周期短以及设计理念陈旧等原因，公路勘察设计暴露出一些问题。其中，处理好公路发展与环境相和谐、资源有效利用的关系，是公路建设者面临的重要课题。
       对于整个建设行业来说，提高施工人员的技术水平和专业技能，可以有效地提高产品质量和社会效益。对于施工人员来说，提高自身的专业素质，特别是一些高技术含量的操作水平，可以大大提升劳动生产效率、 降低劳动强度、加快工程进度、减少安全事故。因此，提高广大施工人员的专业技术水平，已成为当今建设行业的重中之重。本文主要是从公路工程设计入手，对于公路工程的全过程进行深入探讨，从而加深对于公路工程设计的研究，保证公路工程的质量，提高公路工程的施工质量。

Architecture is the main place for human beings to engage in various activities. Population increase, resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological damage are closely related to human construction activities. As a response to environmental problems, green building has become the mainstream and direction of World architecture research and development, and has been promoted in many developed countries. In China, the concept of green building began to be familiar to people, green building has attracted the attention of the Chinese government, which also indicates that China’s construction industry ushered in a new era of green building. Green building industry is very large, from the research and development and production of green building materials, the development and application of green building technology, the implementation of green building projects to the operation and management of a series of processes derived a large number of management problems. These management problems are not only brand-new but also urgent to be solved for the majority of project builders.
    Green building can save energy, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, protect water resources, improve the health of users, improve work efficiency, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and the construction cost of green buildings is basically equal to that of traditional buildings. Because of the above advantages, green building brings great benefits to companies, communities and individuals, and is a decisive solution to solve global climate change and energy dependence. Green building is to minimize the consumption of the earth’s resources, the optimal and efficient use of resources, to maximize the livable and comfortable living needs of human beings.

前 言

建筑是人类从事各种活动的主要场所。人口增加、资源匮乏、环境污染和生态破坏与人类的建筑活动密切相关。绿色建筑作为建筑界应对环境问题的回应已经成为世界建筑研究与发展的主流与方向，并在不少发达国家实践推广。在中国绿色建筑的概念开始为人们所熟悉、绿色建筑已经引起中国政府的高度重视，也预示着中国建筑行业迎来了崭新的绿色建筑时代。绿色建筑产业量非常庞大，从绿色建材的研发与生产、绿色建筑技术的开发应用、绿色建筑项目实施到运营管理等一系列过程中衍生出大量的管理问题。这些管理问题对广大的工程建设者来说，不仅是全新的也是迫切需要解决的。
       绿色建筑可以节约能源、减少二氧化碳排放、保护水资源、改善使用者的健康状况、提高工作效率、减少运营和维护成本， 并且与传统建筑的建造成本基本持平。由于具有以上优势，绿色建筑为公司、社区、个人带来了极大的利益，是解决全球气候变化和能源依赖的决定性解决方案。绿色建筑就是以最小消耗地球资源，最优高效使用资源，最大限度地满足人类宜居，达到舒适生存需求目的。