With the rapid development of China’s socialist market economy, information technology, biotechnology and other high-tech are widely used in various fields. New theories, new technologies and new methods of clinical diagnosis and treatment and nursing are constantly emerging. There are also extensive mutual penetration and influence among medical disciplines, as well as between medical disciplines and Humanities and Social Sciences, forming a large number of attractive new medical disciplines. At the same time, with the aging of the population, the changes of disease spectrum, and the continuous enhancement of the awareness of national health care, people’s awareness and demand for mental and psychological health are increasing, which also puts forward higher requirements for the clinical diagnosis and treatment nursing technology and practice ability of medical workers. Learning new theory, mastering new technology and continuously improving the professional level are the common tasks faced by the majority of medical staff.
    China is the country with the largest number of people suffering from mental illness in the world. The root causes of mental illness are extremely complex, and the complex factors are more than any other country in the world. The behaviors of self mutilation, suicide, hurting others and endangering the society due to serious mental illness emerge in an endless stream, and even have a gradually increasing trend in recent years. This kind of national mental state puts forward strong challenges and higher requirements for the medical workers in our country to protect people’s health. However, most of the medical workers in our country do not have the ability to deal with this challenge and perform the corresponding duties. They are not competent for this kind of responsibility and can not meet the health needs of the people. Therefore, medical workers are required to enhance their ability and learn to improve their knowledge. In addition, with the gradual expansion of professional doctors’ practice liberalization in China, the productivity of doctors has been liberated, the development of doctors has been promoted, and the income of doctors has been improved. This requires doctors to continuously improve their comprehensive quality, enhance their sense of honor and meet the needs of patients.

前 言

随着我国社会主义市场经济的迅猛发展，信息技术、生物技术和其他高新技术在各领域的广泛应用，临床诊疗护理的新理论、新技术、新方法不断涌现，医学学科之间，以及医学学科与人文社会学科之间也广泛相互渗透、影响，形成了一大批引人注目的医学新学科。同时，随着人口的老龄化、疾病谱的变化，以及全民卫生保健意识的不断增强，人们对精神心理卫生方面的认识和需求不断增加，对广大医务工作者的临床诊疗护理技术和执业能力也提出了更高的要求。学习新理论、掌握新技术，不断提高业务水平是广大医务人员所面临的共同任务。
      我国是世界上患有精神疾病人口最多的国家，国民罹患精神疾病的根源是极其复杂的，其复杂因素超过世界上其他任何一个国家应有的程度：因患严重精神疾病而自残、自杀、伤害他人、危害社会的行为层出不穷，近年来甚至有逐渐增加的趋势。这种国民精神状况对我国的医务工作者保护人民健康的职责提出了强烈的挑战和更高的要求，但我国的大多数医务工作者都还不具备应对这种挑战和履行相应职责的能力，胜任不了这种职责，满足不了国民的健康需要，这就要求医务工作者迅速增强这方面的能力， 学习提高这方面的知识;再加上我国职业医师行医自由化的逐步扩大，解放了医生的生产力，促进了医生的发展，提高了医生的收益，这就要求医生必须不断提高综合素质，增强荣誉感，满足患者需要。

With the rapid development of China’s economy and modernization and the overheated real estate industry in recent years, the scale of construction projects has been expanding, especially the rise of high-rise buildings. Every year, various construction projects can reach more than one billion square meters, which brings new challenges to the construction and management of construction projects. This book includes construction and construction engineering, building engineering
   materials, building engineering planning and design, construction engineering construction technology, construction foundation management and project management, as well as innovation of construction engineering construction management. It explains and explains the problems existing in the construction and management process, so as to provide a practical reference book for the majority of construction industry colleagues, and contribute to the development of China’s construction industry.

前 言

随着我国经济和现代化建设事业的高速发展及近年来房地产业过热的大环境推动下，建筑工程规模不断扩大，尤其是高层建筑拔地而起，每年各类建筑工程项目可达十几亿平方米，给建筑工程施工与管理提出了新的挑战。
      本书包含建筑与建筑工程、建筑工程材料、建筑工程规划设计、建筑工程施工技术、建筑施工基础管理与项目管理以及建筑工程施工管理的创新等内容，对建筑工程施工与管理过程中存在的问题进行阐释与说明，以期为广大建筑业同仁提供一本切合实用的工具书，为我国建筑业的发展添砖加瓦。

With the rapid development of society and increasingly fierce market competition, leading to the gradual progress of China’s construction industry, construction enterprises want to continue to develop, it is necessary to continue to study the construction technology and site management strategy. Due to the rapid development, there are also some
problems in the process of architectural design. Therefore, the construction technology requirements are more and more strict. Construction engineering is actually a more complex project, construction technology directly affects the construction quality.

In the construction project, the project supervision plays the role of supervisor, which is an indispensable part in the construction process of construction engineering. It is of great practical significance to play the role of construction engineering supervision to improve the quality of construction projects. At present, there are some problems in the process of construction engineering supervision, which affect the function of construction engineering supervision, and these problems must be solved in the development process of construction engineering supervision enterprises in China. Only by solving these problems can we ensure the efficient play of the role of construction project supervision. In order to ensure the quality of domestic construction projects and promote the sustainable and stable development of construction industry, we should pay attention to the construction technology management and quality supervision of construction projects.

前 言

随着社会的飞速发展和市场竞争越来越激烈，导致我国建筑事业也逐渐在进步，建筑企业想要继续发展下去，就需要不断的研究建筑施工技术以及现场管理策略。由于发展的比较快速，建筑设计过程中也出现了一些问题，因此，对于施工技术要求越来越严格。建筑工程实际上是一个比较复杂的工程，施工技术直接影响着施工质量。
       在建筑工程中，工程监理扮演着监督者的角色，是建筑工程施工建设过程中不可或缺的一环， 发挥建筑工程监理的作用， 对提高建筑工程质量有着重大现实意义。现阶段，建筑工程监理过程中出现了一些问题，影响建筑工程监理作用的发挥，而这些问题是我国建筑工程监理企业发展过程中必须解决的问题。只有解决了这些问题，才能保证建筑工程监理作用的高效发挥。为了确保国内建筑工程质量，促进建筑事业的可持续稳定发展，应当重视建筑工程的施工技术管理与质量监理工作。

Since the reform and opening up policy, our country’s construction industry has developed rapidly, and the scale of urban construction has been expanding. The development speed of cities and towns has become a standard for measuring the modern civilization of a country or region. After years of hard work and practice, our country’s modern architecture has been developed with high technology, high speed and high quality. We have made many major breakthroughs and new achievements in the field of construction technology. Some technologies come up to advanced world standards, leading our country to be a great power in construction field. This manual is specially written to provide engineers, construction supervisors and senior technical workers engaged in on-site construction with a practical, rich, systematic and comprehensive construction technology reference material.

Construction survey is an extremely important technical work that runs through the entire process of engineering project construction, and can be called the “GPS” of the specific construction project implementation. In the mean time, engineering survey skills are the necessary job capabilities for first-line construction engineers. During the construction process of building project, surveying and setting out is the first and the essential procedure and also a key process to ensure the quality and design intention of the entire project. With the rapid development of social science and technology, measuring instruments and new technologies are constantly being updated. Survey technicians must not only be proficient in the usage of conventional traditional survey tools, but also need to continuously learn to use new measuring instruments, technologies and new measuring methods in order to complete the work they are facing. In practice, surveying and setting-out is a comprehensive technology that uses solid geometry, plane geometry, analytical geometry and other knowledge combined with multiple skills. Survey technicians do need to continuously learn and summarize to fully digest the knowledge and skills, and to increase the efficiency of construction projects.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国建筑业发展很快，城镇建设规模日益扩大，城镇的发展速度已成为衡量一个国家和地区现代文明的标准。经过多年的努力实践，我国的现代化建筑正朝着高技术、快速度、高质量方向发展，我国在建筑工程施工技术领域取得了许多重大突破和新的成果，有的技术已经达到世界先进水平，成为世界建筑大国。为了给从事现场施工的工程师、施工长及广大高级技术工人提供一本有关施工技术方面的实用性强、内容丰富、系统而全面的施工技术参考资料，我们特编写了此手册。

建筑工程施工测量是贯穿工程项目建设全过程的一项极其重要的技术性工作，可称其是项目具体建造实施的“GPS”。同时，工程测量技能是施工一线工程技术人员必备的岗位能力。 在建筑工程项目施工中， 测量放线是第一道也是必需的工序，也是确保整个工程质量和设计意图的关键工序。随着社会科技的迅速发展，测量仪器及新技术在不断地更新换代， 测量技术人员不仅要熟练使用常规的传统测量工具，还需不断学习和掌握新的测量仪器、 技术及新的测量方法才能完成必须面对的工作。实际工作中，测量放线是一项运用立体几何、平面几何、解析几何等多项知识结合的综合技术，包含有多种技能。测量技术人员真的需要不断学习和总结才能掌握测量中的技巧，才能融会贯通，才能为提高建设工程效益增砖添瓦。

With the improvement of material life and the increase of working pressure, the incidence rate of cholecystitis has been increasing in recent years. It has become a common and frequently occurring disease in the outpatient department of gastroenterology and surgery.

Cholecystitis is often associated with cholelithiasis, which can lead to repeated attacks of biliary colic, as well as biliary tract infection, biliary obstruction, biliary stricture and other complications. The incidence rate of acute suppurative cholecystitis, gangrenous cholecystitis, acute emphysematous cholecystitis, Mirizzi syndrome, Bouveret syndrome and gallbladder perforation is low, but the disease is serious and often endangers the life of patients.

Cholelithiasis is one of the common surgical acute abdomen, which is a kind of disease that clinicians, especially general practitioners, are exposed to. Its etiology is complex, the condition is complex and changeable, in the actual process of diagnosis and treatment often produce more doubts, the development of the disease can not be effectively controlled, easy to cause further aggravation of the disease, and cause serious complications, even life-threatening.
    Although it has been carefully compiled, but after all, the level is limited, there are inevitably deficiencies and even errors, we sincerely ask the readers for criticism and correction.

前 言

随着物质生活水平的提高和工作压力的增大，胆囊炎的发病率近年来呈上升趋势，已成为消化科和外科门诊的常见病、多发病。
      胆囊炎常合并胆石症，可引发反复发作的胆绞痛，还会发生胆道感染、胆道梗阻、胆道狭窄等并发症。急性化脓性胆囊炎、坏疽性胆囊炎、急性气肿性胆囊炎、Mirizzi 综合征、 Bouveret 综合征、胆囊穿孔等并发症发病率虽然较低，但病情严重，常常危及患者生命，应引起重视。
      胆石症是常见的外科急腹症之一，是临床医师尤其是普外科医师接触较多的一类疾病。其病因繁杂，病情复杂多变，在实际诊疗操作过程中往往会产生较多的疑惑，对疾病发展过程无法进行有效地控制，容易造成病情进一步加重，并引起严重的并发症，甚至危及生命。
      虽然进行了精心编写，但是毕竟水平有限，难免有不足甚至错误之处，恳请广大读者批评指正。