The concept of urban design was introduced into China in the 1980s, which has aroused the general concern of the planning circles. Due to the fact that urban design has not obtained the legal status in our country, and the country has not given a clear positioning for urban design, leading to the current situation that the domestic theoretical circles hold different opinions. In the practice of specific projects, the contents and achievements of urban design are also multifarious, lacking a unified understanding. China’s urban planning system originated in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China has some disadvantages in the process of urban construction after the Economic Reform and Opening up. In recent years, it has also been concerned by the planning circles. The development of urban design work can just solve some of the problems, which is in line with the objective requirements of the new era of urban construction.
      This book mainly studies the origin and development process of modern urban planning and urban design; the development status of modern urban design theory and practice at home and abroad; the urban planning system and the current urban planning compilation in China and its shortcomings. On this basis, it discusses the relationship between urban planning and urban design and their respective emphases, and establishes the principles corresponding to each stage of urban planning in China. The book emphasizes the idea that urban design work should run through all stages of urban planning, and makes a preliminary study on the tasks, types and contents of urban design work in each stage.

前 言

城市设计概念从上个世纪 80 年代传入中国，引起了规划界的普遍关注。由于在我国城市设计尚未取得法定地位，国家也没有针对城市设计给出明确的定位，导致了目前国内理论界各执一词的局面，在具体项目实践中， 城市设计的内容与成果也是五花八门，缺乏统一的认识。源于建国初期的我国的城市规划体系在改革开放后城市化进程加快的城市建设过程中也出现了一些弊端， 近年来也为规划界所关注，城市设计工作的展开，正好可以解决其中一些问题，符合新时期城市建设的客观要求。
      现代城市规划与城市设计的起源与发展过程；中外现代城市设计理论与实践的发展状况；城市规划体系和我国现行的城市规划编制及其中存在的不足。在此基础上，探讨了城市规划与城市设计的关系及各自的侧重点，建立了城市设计编制与我国现阶段城市规划编制各阶段相对应的原则，强调了城市设计工作应该贯穿于整个城市规划工作各阶段的思想，并对各阶段展开的城市设计工作的任务、类型、内容作了初步的研究。

Urban green space is open to public life, with recreation as the main function. It has certain recreational facilities and service facilities, and has the comprehensive functions of improving the ecological environment, beautifying the landscape, disaster prevention and mitigation. Therefore, the construction of modern urban green space should not only protect and improve the urban ecological environment, but also improve people’s living environment and promote the sustainable development of the city. In addition, the urban green space is very important for its unique functions and significance, and it has become a public space for urban residents to get close to and experience nature.
       Urban green space environment and landscape layout is an important measure to improve the ecological landscape of urbanization construction. To ensure the effect of urban green space construction, it is necessary to make full use of the existing natural resources and human resources. On the basis of promoting the balanced development of ecology, it is necessary to adhere to the scientific structure design and spatial layout, so as to ensure the effect and practicability of urban green space construction, and provide a strong motivation for improving the quality of the urban environment. Human beings will always be the builders of social civilization. With the development of civilization and rationality, society will pay more attention to human physical and mental health and life needs. Urban public green space is to create a benign interactive relationship between humans and natural landscapes through humanized design, so as to continuously improve people’s living standard. The direction of our continuous efforts in the future is to explore and study the urban ecological landscape space.

前 言

城市绿地空间是城市向公共生活开放的，以休憩娱乐为主要功能，有一定游憩设施和服务设施，同时拥有健全生态环境，美化景观，防灾减灾等综合作用的绿化用地。因此，现代化城市绿地空间的建设不仅要起到保护和改善城市生态环境的作用，同时还要达到改善人们生活环境，促进城市可持续发展的目的。另外，城市绿地空间具有独特殊作用和意义显得非常重要，已经成为城市居民亲近和感受自然的公共活动场所空间。
        城市绿地环境和景观布局空间形式是提高城市化建设生态景观的重要措施，保证城市绿地空间建设的效果就要对现有的自然资源和人文资源进行充分利用，在促进生态平衡发展的基础上坚持科学的结构设计和空间布局，从而保证城市绿地空间建设的效果和实用性，为改善城市环境质量提供强大动。人类永远是社会文明的建设者，努力向着人类文明和理性发展的社会发展趋势，将会更加关注人类的身心健康和生活需求。城市公共绿地空间就是要通过人性化设计使人类与自然景观产生良性的互动关系，和谐共生，从而不断提高人们的生活品质和质量，探索和研究城市生态景观空间是我们今后不断努力的方向。

Cities are all countries in the global village. In today’s era, the core and basic component unit of economy and society is the inevitable historical form of social modernization caused by the development of social productivity, the progress of science and technology and the adjustment of industrial structure in a country or region. Urbanization is conducive to the aggregation and coordination of economic production, improve production efficiency, and drive the development of regional economy; urbanization is conducive to the aggregation of talents and human resources, promote public innovation, and promote the progress of science and technology; urbanization promotes the development of modern civilization of people’s livelihood settlement form, mode of production, lifestyle, values, etc. However, urbanization has also brought about the reduction of biodiversity, reduction of arable land, soil deterioration, ground subsidence, air pollution, heat island effect, deterioration of water environment, shortage of water resources, acid rain and other environmental problems. The biological chain of ecosystem is being destroyed, the ecological crisis is highlighted, and the contradiction between man and nature is intensifying.
          The history of human development shows that to ease the relationship between man and nature, it is necessary to rebuild the harmony between man and nature, which is just the so-called “unity of man and nature”. Nowadays, the villagers of the whole world have awakened. A wave of green civilization is coming after the first yellow civilization with agricultural civilization as the core, the second black civilization with industrial civilization as the core, and the third blue civilization with information civilization as the core. Green culture, green economy and green development have become the main theme of the new era. The world has begun or is limiting the transformation of nature strictly within the law of ecological movement, so as to coordinate human activities with the law of nature, and strive to achieve the harmonious development of human and nature.

前 言

城市是地球村上的各个国度， 在现今时代下， 经济社会核心的、 基本的构成单元，是一个国家或地区社会生产力的发展、科学技术的进步以及产业结构的调整所引发的、社会现代化的必然历史形态。城市化有助于经济生产的聚集与协调，提高生产效率，带动区域经济发展；城市化有利于人才和人力资源的集聚，促进大众创新，推进科学技术进步；城市化促使民生聚落形态、生产方式、生活方式、价值观等的现代文明的发展。然而，城市化也带来了生物多样性的减少、耕地面积缩减、土壤变质、地面下沉、空气污染、热岛效应、水环境恶化、 水资源短缺、酸雨等环境问题。生态系统的生物链正在遭到破坏，生态危机凸显，人与自然的矛盾正在激化。
        人类发展的历史表明，缓和人与自然的关系，必须重建人与自然之间的和谐，正所谓要“天人合一”。现今，全地球村人已觉醒，一场继人类第一次以农业文明为核心的黄色文明，第二次以工业文明为核心的黑色文明，第三次以信息文明为核心的蓝色文明之后的第四次以绿色文明为核心的浪潮正在以澎湃汹涌之势而至。绿色文化、绿色经济、绿色发展已成为人类新时代的主旋律。全球开始或正在把改造自然的行为严格限制在生态运动的规律之内，使人类活动与自然规律相协调，努力实现人与自然和谐发展。

At present, China is in an important period of economic construction and accelerated development of urbanization. The scale of construction industry is increasing year by year, and its employees have become the largest industrial labor group in China. With the increasing complexity of construction projects, the connotation of safety production has changed greatly. In general, the importance of building safety accident prevention is increasing, and the difficulty is also increasing. How to ensure the safety production of construction engineering, avoid or reduce the occurrence of safety accidents, and protect the safety and health of employees, is a major issue to be solved in the field of engineering construction.
         From the perspective of the causes of construction engineering safety accidents in China, it mainly involves the unsafe behavior of people, the unsafe state of objects, the lack of management and environmental impact. It specifically includes that the design does not conform to the specification, illegal command and operation, construction equipment has potential safety hazards, improper construction technical measures, no safety precautions or can not be implemented in place, no safety technical disclosure, low quality of employees, no safety technology education and training, insufficient investment or misappropriation of safety production funds, unclear safety responsibility, and unsound emergency rescue mechanism, etc. Among them, the vast majority of accidents are caused by employees’ illegal operation. The root cause of these problems lies in the lack of technical and management talents in the construction industry. Construction project management personnel lack of systematic basic theory of construction safety technology and management and knowledge of safety production laws and regulations, and can't educate and train the front-line staff on systematic basic knowledge of safety technology and accident prevention. The safety awareness of employees is weak and they lack of necessary safety awareness and emergency rescue ability.
       Based on this, this paper analyzes the safety and practicability of modern buildings from the perspective of design and practice, and it is rooted in social influence and service delivery, hoping to achieve the effect of attracting talents.

前 言

当前，我国正处在经济建设和城市化加速发展的重要时期，建筑行业规模逐年增加，其从业人员已成为我国最大的行业劳动群体；建筑项目复杂程度越来越高，其安全生产工作的内涵也随之发生了重大变化。总的来看，建筑安全事故防范的重要性越来越大，难度也越来越高。如何保证建筑工程安全生产，避免或减少安全事故的发生，保护从业人员的安全和健康，是我国当前工程建设领域亟待解决的重大课题。
        从我国建设工程安全事故发生起因来看，主要涉及人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、管理缺失及环境影响等几大方面，具体包括设计不符合规范、违章指挥和作业、施工设备存在安全隐患、施工技术措施不当、无安全防范措施或不能落实到位、未作安全技术交底、从业人员素质低、未进行安全技术教育培训、安全生产资金投入不足或被挪用、安全责任不明确、应急救援机制不健全等等，其中，绝大多数事故是从业人员违章作业所致。造成这些问题的根本原因在于建筑行业中从事建筑安全专业的技术和管理人才匮乏，建设工程项目管理人员缺乏系统的建筑安全技术与管理基础理论及安全生产法律法规知识，不能对广大一线工作人员进行系统的安全技术与事故防范基础知识的教育与培训，从业人员安全意识淡薄，缺乏必要的安全防范意识以及应急救援能力。
        基于此，本文从设计与实践两个角度对现代建筑安全性与实用性展开分析，并植根于社会影响力和服务提供力，希望能达到抛砖引玉的效果。

伴随着国民经济发展进程，我国的基础设施建设在日益完善，而且国家对于基础设施建设的重视程度，也在不断的提高，其中的焦点就是公路交通建设。

       公路是国家重要的基础设施，也是其基础设施中的重中之重。公路工程施工技术管理及养护和公路工程的质量紧密相关，工程质量也影响着人们日常出行安全。将公路施工管理与养护科学有效的结合，才能较好提高公路的质量，延长公路的使用周期，提高出行安全。只有加强公路工程施工技术管理以及养护，才能使得公路工程质量得到提高。在提升人们行车的舒适程度的基础上，进而满足国家经济发展的需求。

       在科学技术水平不断发展和提高下，我国的公路工程施工技术也取得了许多优秀成果。通过进行对我国的公路工程施工技术的科学有效管理，对公路施工的全过程进行及时的监控， 可以最大程度的减少甚至避免， 公路施工过程出现的质量问题，更好的保证其过程的顺利进行，进而提高我国公路工程的效率及其质量；此外，路工程是建筑面积大，施工量大的工程项目。在其进行建设的过程中，不可避免的对当地的环境造成一定程度的破坏，会耗费大量的物质资源，通过对公路工程施工技术管理的提升，运用以科学环保为基础理念的施工技术，不仅使得资源的使用率提高，而且也实现了资源配置实现合理化，而且工程建设自身也会降低对环境的破坏程度。