With the development of economy, the transportation industry has gradually entered the stage of comprehensive transportation system. With the rapid development of transportation economics, a relatively perfect research theory and system of transportation economics has been formed. Transportation economics is a subject that studies and discusses the laws of transportation economy based on the application of economic principles and methods in transportation leading cities, so that students can have the level of economic demonstration, prediction, analysis and evaluation and decision-making on transportation problems. Through in-depth investigation and research, this book summarizes the latest methods in the field of transportation economics on the basis of gathering the advantages of many families and combining the characteristics of transportation industry.
     Since the reform and opening up, China has accelerated the construction of transportation infrastructure, and transportation industry has become one of the key supporting industries. Especially since the 1990s, China has taken a series of major measures to increase investment and promote the rapid development of transportation industry. However, there is a big gap between China’s current major transportation equipment and core technology level and the world’s advanced level. The transportation supply capacity is insufficient, the construction of comprehensive transportation system lags behind, various modes of transportation lack comprehensive coordination, and the problems of transportation energy consumption and environmental pollution are serious.
    Looking forward to the 21st century, China’s transportation industry will continue to vigorously promote the construction of transportation infrastructure, rely on scientific and technological progress, strive to solve many key technical problems in transportation, including many challenges from the environment, energy, safety and other aspects, and build a sustainable new comprehensive transportation system to meet the needs of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way Higher requirements for transportation.

前 言

伴随着经济的发展，交通运输业已经逐步进入综合交通运输体系的阶段。交通运输经济学得到迅速发展，至今已形成了较为完善的运输经济学研究理论和体系。交通运输经济学是以经济学原理和方法在交通运输领城的应用为主要内容，研究和探讨运输经济规律的学科，从而使学生具备对交通运输问题进行经济论证、预测、分析评价和决策的水平。本书通过深入调查与研究，在集众家之所长的基础上，结合交通运输业的特点，对交通运输经济学领域的最新方式进行概述。
      改革开放以来，我国加快了交通基础设施建设，交通运输业成为重点扶持的支柱产业之一，尤其是 20 世纪 90 年代以来，我国采取了一系列重大举措，增加投资力度，促进了交通运输业的快速发展。但是，我国目前的主要运输装备及核心技术水平与世界先进水平存在较大差距，运输供给能力不足，综合交通体系建设滞后，各种交通方式缺乏综合协调，交通能源消耗与环境污染问题严峻。
      展望 21 世纪，我国交通运输业将在继续大力推进交通基础设施建设的基础上，依靠科技进步，着力解决好交通运输中存在的诸多关键技术问题，包括来自环境、能源、安全等方面的众多挑战，建立起一个可持续性的新型综合交通运输体系，以满足全面建设小康社会对交通运输提出的更高要求。

With the rapid development of economy, new science and technology and materials gradually enter people’s vision, especially the application of new technology and materials in the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering, which makes the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering more optimized. The construction of mechanical and electrical engineering is a complex system. Only the comprehensive and coordinated construction can ensure the normal operation of the project and realize its economic value. Only by carrying out the project reasonably and scientifically can the project be completed better.
      In this paper, the contents of building electromechanical engineering are explored in detail from several angles, including: introducing the basic contents of mechanical and electrical engineering and related disciplines to realize the understanding of the development of mechanical and electrical engineering; the introduction of new engineering technology and new engineering materials to understand the specific project links of mechanical and electrical engineering. Secondly, from the perspective of construction technology in the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering, this paper gives a detailed introduction to the water supply, drainage, heating and other projects of the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering; the analysis of intelligent building engineering, to understand the importance of new technology for engineering construction. Finally, the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering is a complex and specific work, improving the effectiveness of the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering is of great significance to the development of society and the improvement of human living standards. Similarly, the construction mechanical and electrical engineering is also the content that the country needs to focus on. We should actively look for the problems in the implementation of the construction mechanical and electrical engineering, find reasonable solutions and implement the safety production.

前 言

随着经济的迅速发展，新的科学技术和材料慢慢进入人们的视野，尤其是建筑机电工程中的新技术、新材料应用，使得建筑机电工程更加优化。建筑机电工程环环相扣，是一个复杂的系统，只有全面协调的施工，才能保证工程的正常运转，实现其经济价值。合理科学地进行工程，项目才能更好地完成。
        本文从多个角度对建筑机电工程内容展开了详细的探究，包含：对机电工程基本内容和相关专业的基础内容展开介绍，实现对机电工程的发展进行了解；包含介绍新的工程技术和新工程材料来了解机电工程的具体项目环节。其次，本文从建筑机电工程中施工技术的角度出发，对建筑机电的给水、排水、采暖等工程进行详细的介绍；对智能建筑工程的剖析，了解到新的技术对于工程建设的重要性。最后，建筑机电工程是一项复杂又具体的工作，提升建筑机电工程的有效性对社会的发展和人类生活水平的提高都具有十分重要的意义，同样，建筑机电工程也是国家需要重点关注的内容，应积极寻找建筑机电工程落实中存在的问题，寻找合理的解决方案并且将安全生产落到实处。

China’s construction industry has experienced 40 years of extensive and rapid development since the Reform and Opening up. Now it is facing great adjustment. The construction industry is currently in the stage of large cycle decline and small cycle nesting and overlapping. During the 13th Five Year Plan period, it will remain in the consolidation stage. China’s construction enterprises are in the critical period of transformation and reform. On the other hand, the construction industry also faces more development opportunities during the 13th Five Year Plan period. Engineering cost management is a major professional basic course of engineering management and civil engineering. It is a comprehensive engineering technology, involving a wide range of knowledge and a large scope. With the deepening of the reform of engineering management system in China, the system, method and content of engineering cost management and construction management have been greatly improved, and many relevant specifications have been innovated. In this context, the content of project cost management and construction management should also be adjusted appropriately, with the combination of theory and practice as the benchmark goal, so as to cultivate application-oriented talents with solid theoretical basis.
      This book studies and analyzes the construction project cost and construction management, and explains in detail, including the explanation of the relevant contents of the project cost; what constitutes the project cost; pricing basis and mode of project cost; composition and calculation of construction cost; construction management; how to control construction cost and construction schedule; how to control the construction quality.

前 言

我国建筑行业经历了自改革开放至今 40 年的粗放型快速发展阶段， 现在正面临较大调整，建筑业目前正处于大周期下滑、小周期筑底的嵌套重叠阶段，在“十三五”期间都将保持在盘整阶段，我国建筑企业处于转型改革的关键时期。另一方面，建筑行业在“十三五”期间也面临更多的发展机遇。工程造价管理是工程管理类以及土木工程类主要的专业基础课程，是一门综合工程技术、牵涉的知识面广、范围大，而随着我国工程管理制度改革的不断深化，工程造价管理和施工管理体制、方法和内容也有了很大的改进，许多相关规范纷纷推陈出新，在此背景下，工程造价管理和施工管理的内容也应进行适当调整，以理论结合实践，以培养具有扎实理论基础的应用型人才为基准目标。
       本书对建设工程造价和施工管理进行研究分析并详细说明，研究内容包括对工程造价相关内容的解释说明；工程造价由哪些构成；工程造价的计价依据与计价模式；对建设工程造价构成与计算；施工管理；怎么样进行施工成本控制和对施工进度进行控制；对施工质量如何控制。

With the ringing of the bell in the new century, human beings have crossed the threshold of the 21st century. In the new century, how to do a good job in the protection of forest resources, for China, which starts to build a well-off society in an all-round way, is a major event related to the fundamental interests of the whole nation. It has been proved that the poor protection of forest resources will not only damage the ecosystem, worsen the natural environment and intensify the soil erosion, but also cause land desertification, flood and other natural disasters. Under the new situation, China must coordinate the relationship between the development of forest resources and the protection of forest resources. Starting from the problems, especially the problem of burning forest resources wantonly in some rural areas of modern China has been restricting the protection level of forest resources in China. 

Based on this, this paper is mainly written from two aspects, the first part introducesthe general situation of forest resources; the forestry policy and management system of contemporary China; the forestry construction and the evolution of forest rights of contemporary China; the forestry science and technology and education of contemporary China. The second part mainly focuses on the coordination of forest resources protection and agricultural development, looking for the road of harmonious development of forestry and agriculture, including: the function and benefit of protective forest system for different agricultural environmental protection; agroforestry complex economy; firewood forest and rural energy

前 言 

随着新世纪钟声的敲响，人类跨人了 21 世纪的门槛。在新世纪，如何搞好森林资源的保护工作，对于开始全面建设小康社会的中国来说，是关系到整个民族根本利益的一件大事。事实雄辩证明:森林资源保护工作搞不好，不仅会使生态系统受到破坏，自然环境变得恶劣，水土流失不断加剧，而且也是造成土地沙漠化、洪涝灾害和其他自然灾害的原因之一。在新形势下，我国必须要协调好林业资源开发与森林资源保护之间的关系，从问题着手，尤其是现代我国部分农村存在的肆意焚烧林业资源的问题一直制约我国森林资源的保护水平。

基于此，本文主要从两个角度对本文展开撰写，其中，第一部分介绍了森林资源概况；当代中国的林业方针与管理体制；当代中国林业建设与林权演变；当代中国的林业科技与教育等内容。第二部分则主要针对森林资源保护与农业发展协调性的问题展开探究，寻找林业与农业和谐发展的道路，其内容包含：防护林体系对不同农业环境保护的功能和效益；农林业复合经济；薪炭林与农村能源。

“Financial management” is a management discipline that studies how to manage the capital movement through planning, decision-making, control, assessment, supervision and other management activities, so as to improve the capital efficiency. It is a knowledge system formed by scientific summary of financial management work of enterprises and departments of national economy under the guidance of economic principles and economic management theories, combined with relevant issues of organizing productivity and dealing with production relations. Financial management is the product of modern socialized mass production. As a traditional accounting which provides financial reports to the outside world, with the change of technology and economic environment, its theory and practice are also developing. First of all, the rapid development of information technology has brought opportunities for the modernization of financial accounting, and the emergence of many information disclosure tools has also brought unprecedented competitive pressure to financial accounting. Traditional financial accounting is facing the challenge of how to adapt to the new technology environment in order to survive and develop; secondly, the rapid development of the capital market in recent years has become the main driving force for the reform and development of financial accounting in China. Listed companies have large scale, complex business, endless organizational design and business innovation, which constantly put forward new topics for financial accounting practice, and of course, also bring impetus to the development of financial accounting theory.
     In the course of compiling, the author has read many excellent teaching materials and related materials, and absorbed and absorbed the essence. The author hereby expresses his heartfelt thanks to the authors concerned. Due to the limited level of editors, it is inevitable that there are some mistakes and irregularities in the book, so readers are requested to give criticism and correction.

前 言

“财务管理”是研究如何通过计划、决策、控制、考核、监督等管理活动对资金运动进行管理，以提高资金效益的一门经营管理学科。它是以经济学原理和经济管理理论为指导，结合组织生产力和处理生产关系的有关问题，对企业和国民经济各部门财务管理工作进行科学总结而形成的知识体系。财务管理工作是近代社会化大生产的产物。财务会计作为传统的对外提供财务报告的会计，随着技术和经济环境的变化，其理论和实务也在发展。首先，信息技术的日新月异为财务会计工作的现代化带来了机遇，众多信息披露工具的出现也给财务会计带来了前所未有的竞争压力，传统的财务会计面临如何适应新技术环境的挑战，以求得生存和发展；其次，近年来资本市场的迅猛发展，业已成为我国财务会计改革和发展的主要动力，上市
公司规模大，业务复杂，组织设计和业务创新层出不穷，不断给财务会计实务提出新的课题，当然也给财务会计理论的发展带来了动力。
       在编写过程中，参阅了许多优秀教材和相关资料，借鉴、吸收了其中的精华，在此特向有关作者表示衷心感谢。由于编者水平有限，书中难免存在一些错误和不妥之处，恳请读者给予批评指正。