This paper mainly describes the relevant contents of agricultural ecology and environmental protection, from the comprehensive structure of agricultural ecology, population, biological distribution, to its energy flow and material circulation, and introduces the composition of each link in the ecosystem in detail. This paper evaluates the ecosystem from the perspective of agricultural ecological balance, and puts forward relevant control measures. We need to protect the healthy ecological environment of agriculture and develop sustainable ecological agriculture from the perspective of rational utilization and protection of resources. Through the flow of agricultural ecosystem information, we can understand the balance and regulation relationship of the ecosystem. We must use the new environmental detection technology to manage and control the ecosystem scientifically and reasonably to make the agricultural ecosystem develop in a balanced way.

    Environment is the basic condition and material basis for human survival and development, and environmental protection is an important part of our ecological civilization construction. However, the scope and degree of ecological damage in China are expanding. Environmental pollution and ecological damage have become important factors restricting the economic and social development of our country. Agricultural production is closely related to resources and environment. With the acceleration of agricultural production modernization, agricultural environmental problems are more prominent, such as environmental pollution caused by excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, soil erosion and soil erosion caused by excessive development, etc. Environmental protection and reasonable control of agricultural ecological balance is an important issue to be considered by relevant departments at present, and also a problem to be solved if the country wants to develop healthy and sustainable agriculture.

前 言

本文主要讲述了农业生态与环境保护的相关内容，从农业生态的综合结构，种群、生物分布，到其能量的流动和物质的循环，详细地介绍了生态系统中的各个环节的构成。文章从农业生态平衡的角度来对生态系统进行评价，并提出了相关的调控措施。我们需要从资源合理利用和保护的角度，保护农业的健康生态环境，发展可持续的生态农业。我们通过对农业生态系统信息的流动，来了解生态系统的平衡调节关系，必须要利用先进的环境检测技术，科学合理地管控生态系统，使农业生态平衡发展。
       环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基本条件和物质基础，环境保护是我们生态文明建设的重要内容。然而，我国生态破坏的范围在扩大，程度在加剧。环境污染和生态破坏已成为制约我国经济和社会发展的重要因素。农业生产与资源环境有着极为密切的联系，随着农业生产现代化进程的加快，农业环境问题更加突出，如过量使用农药、化肥等造成的环境污染和过度开发造成的土壤侵蚀、水土流失等等，保护环境，合理的管控农业生态平衡是当前相关部门需要考虑的重要问题，也是国家想要发展健康、可持续农业必须要解决的问题。

The processing of agricultural products is an important part and foundation of food science and technology and the development of food industry. It is also an integral part of the field of agricultural science and technology. Its development status indicates the degree and level of a country’s economic and cultural development. It is not only very important for the current national economic development, but also directly affects the future. Especially in the case of increasing output and sufficient supply of major agricultural products in China, the processing and transformation of agricultural products is of great significance for promoting agricultural development, increasing the added value of agricultural products, revitalizing the agricultural economy, prospering the market and improving people’s living standards.
    Agricultural commercialization is not only a problem that many developing countries are facing in the process of agricultural transformation, but also a hot issue in China’s economic transformation. Agricultural commercialization is a transition process from self-sufficient production to commodity production oriented to meet market demand. From a new perspective, this paper analyzes the latest trend of the work of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” in China, and organically integrates the traditional industry of agriculture with modern e-commerce. Through the new technology, the research and development of “whole process based agricultural e-commerce mode and platform architecture” is proposed, and the key technologies of agricultural e-commerce support system are tackled to realize the real-time collection of agricultural information, real-time monitoring and intelligent management of agricultural production, real-time collection and intelligent monitoring of agricultural product traceability information. So that farmers can complete most financial transactions and enjoy modern agricultural financial services. The realization of these technologies is conducive to improving the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises and the ability of government supervision, so as to accelerate the modernization of agricultural and rural areas. Due to the limited experience of editors, there may be mistakes and omissions in this book. Readers are welcome to understand and correct them.

前 言

农产品加工是食品科学技术与食品工业发展的重要组成部分和基础，也是农业科技领域不可分割的重要组成部分，它的发展状况标志着一个国家经济文化发达程度和水平，不但对当前国家经济发展十分重要，而且直接影响未来。特别是在我国主要农产品产量不断提高、 供应充足的情况下， 农产品加工和转化对促进农业发展、提高农产品的附加值、 振兴农业经济、 繁荣市场和提高人民生活水平具有重要意义。
       农业商品化是众多发展中国家农业转型过程中正面临的一个问题，也是我国经济转型中的一个热点问题。农业商品化是农业由自给自足式的生产向以满足市场需求为导向的商品式生产过渡的过程。本文以“新”的视角，探析了我国“三农”工作的最新动向， 把农业这一传统产业与现代化的电子商务有机融合。 通过新的技术，提出研究与开发“基于全过程的农业电子商务模式与平台架构”，攻关农业电子商务支撑体系的关键技术，实现对农业信息的实时采集、农业生产的实时监控和智能化管理、农产品溯源信息的实时采集和智能监控，让广大农民“人不出村、足不出户”就能完成大多数金融交易，享受现代的农业金融服务，这些技术的实现有利于提升农业企业竞争力和政府监管能力等，以加快推进农业农村现代化。由于编者经验有限，本书可能会出现错漏，请广大读者谅解和指正。

This book reflects the new materials, new technologies and new processes that the Ministry of construction focuses on; it is compiled in close combination with the standards, specifications and procedures of building materials, building structure design and construction quality acceptance of building installation in recent years; and it adds the content of building monitoring and supervision according to the requirements of national construction quality acceptance specifications.
    There are seven chapters in this book, including the history of building development, construction method management, construction measurement management, construction risk management, construction quality management, construction progress management, construction supervision management, etc. Therefore, the author hopes this book can help the construction engineers and construction technicians to carry out the project smoothly.

前 言

反映了建设部重点推广的新材料、新技术、 新工艺；紧密结合近年来建筑材料、建筑结构设计、建筑安装施工质量验收等标准、规范、规程进行编写；根据国家施工质量验收规范要求，增加了建筑监测和监理等内容。
      本书主要有七章内容，分别有建筑发展历史、建筑施工方法管理、建筑施工测量管理、建筑施工风险管理、建筑施工质量管理、建筑施工进度管理、建筑施工监理管理等。 因此， 希望本书能够有助于建筑工程师和施工技术人员项目的顺利开展 。

Building electrical technology is an interdisciplinary and comprehensive technical subject which creates, maintains and improves people’s living or working environment by means of electric energy, electronics, electrical equipment and electrical technology. It is the organic combination of strong electricity and weak electricity with specific buildings.
     As a professional, building electrical system has developed from nothing, and developed from simple to complex. And now it has included many systems including strong and weak electricity. Besides, with the development of science and technology, and its application in the construction industry, the functional electrical of integrated weak current project is advancing rapidly. Especially in recent years, with the rise of green building and intelligent building, modern computer technology, modern control technology, network technology and modern communication technology have been widely used in the field of building electrical, making the building more energy-saving, environmental protection and safety. In the engineering practice, with the continuous exposed problems and the process of solving the problems, the building electrical will become more and more mature and perfect; while avoiding the waste caused by the secondary investment, it will move towards specialization, normalization and standardization. 

    This book discusses the electrical overview of building, installation and selection of electrical equipment, building power supply and distribution system, design and construction of building electrical engineering, management technology of building engineering, etc.

前 言

建筑电气技术是以电能、电子、电气设备及电气技术为手段来创造、维持和改善人民居住或工作的生活环境的电、光、声、冷和暖环境的一门跨学科的综合性的技术学科。它是强电和弱电与具体建筑的有机结合。
       建筑电气作为一个专业，从无到有，由简单到复杂，发展到如今已经囊括了兼之强电和弱电在内的多个系统，并且随着一 IT 也为龙头的科学技术的发展，及其在建筑业的应用，综合弱电项目的职能电气更是突飞猛进。特别是近年来绿色建筑、智能建筑的兴起，使得现代计算机技术、现代控制技术、网络技术和现代通信技术在建筑电气领域取得了广泛的应用，使得建筑更加节能、环保，安全。在工程实践中， 伴随着不断暴露的问题和解决问题的过程， 建筑电气必将日趋成熟和发展健全；在避免二次投资造成浪费的同时，走向专业化、正规化和规范化。
        本书对建筑电气概述、电气设备安装与选择、建筑供配电系统、建筑电气工程设计与施工、建筑工程管理技术等方面进行了一定的论述。

As an important basic industry of national economy, transportation is an important chain of social circulation and distribution, which plays an important supporting and guarantee role in social economy and national defense construction. In the four transportation systems of railway, civil aviation, water and highway, highway transportation, as the continuation of social production process in the field of circulation, plays an extremely important role. With the rapid development of national economy and the fierce competition of industry division, road transportation is required to be further high-speed and networked, improve transportation efficiency and reduce transportation costs, which set off a large-scale highway construction investment in recent years. Because the construction of highway engineering is different from other types of construction, its characteristics of large investment funds, long construction period and wide influence are all thorny problems. Therefore, we put forward more difficult and higher requirements for highway construction management than general engineering management. For any project, the excellence of its management system determines the quality of the project. In the
management, strict control of every link of the project construction process is also an essential means of high-quality highway construction.
    This book expounds the relevant contents of highway construction management from two aspects of highway construction and highway construction management. Highway construction is divided into three parts: highway planning and design, highway construction and highway maintenance. Highway construction management includes cost management, schedule management, safety management, quality management and other management contents.
    In the aspect of highway construction, the book details the plane design, vertical section design, intersection design, subgrade design, pavement design, highway drainage and landscape design, construction preparation of highway construction, highway site construction technology, mechanized construction, subgrade maintenance, pavement maintenance, bridge and culvert, highway damage type in highway design. This book is designed to provide scientific and rigorous theoretical support and help for highway construction practitioners in China.
    The management of highway construction runs through the beginning and end of highway project construction. Whether it is the preparation of materials and funds in the early stage, the cost, progress, safety control in the construction, or the quality monitoring and testing of the project, it plays an extremely important role in the process of highway construction. Only by carefully and carefully doing everything in the management process, coupled with the standardized management system and the current relaxed industry environment, China’s road construction management work will be able to thrive and contribute to the sustainable development of China’s economy.
    Our intention of compiling Construction and Management of Highway Engineering is to provide a practical textbook and reference book for highway construction practitioners. However, because the book covers a wide range of contents, involves a lot of knowledge, and is written by many people, the format, depth and breadth of the contents of each chapter may not be the same, and fallacies are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

交通作为国民经济的重要基础产业，是社会流通与分配环节的重要链条，对社会经济、国防建设等起着重要的支撑和保障作用。在我国铁路、民航、水上和公路四大运输体系中，公路运输作为社会化生产过程在流通领域内的继续，发挥着极其重要的作用。随着国民经济的快速发展和行业分工的激烈竞争，要求道路运输进一步高速化、网络化，提高运输效率、降低运输成本，从而掀起了近年来我国有史以来大规模的公路建设投资。而由于公路工程的建设不同于其他建筑类型，其投资资金大、建设周期长、影响涉及面广泛等特点都是棘手问题，因此对于公路建设的管理提出了比一般工程管理难度更大、更高的要求。任何一个工程，其管理体系的精锐与否都决定了项目质量的好坏，在管理中严格控制工程建设过程的每一个环节，
也是优质公路建设必不可少的手段。
       本书从公路的建设与公路建设管理两方面来阐述公路建设管理的相关内容，其=中公路建设分为公路规划设计、公路施工与公路养护三部分，公路建设管理则包括了成本管理、进度管理、安全管理、质量管理以及其他管理内容。

 在公路建设方面，书中就公路设计中的平面设计、纵断面设计、交叉设计、路基设计、路面设计、公路排水与景观设计，公路施工的施工准备、公路现场施工技术、机械化施工以及公路养护中的路基养护、路面养护、桥梁与涵洞、公路损坏类型等内容进行了详细的阐述与说明，以期尽可能为我国公路建设从业人员提供科学严谨的理论支持与帮助。
       公路建设管理方面更是贯穿了公路工程项目建设的始末，无论是前期的资料、资金准备，建设中的成本、进度、安全控制，还是工程的质量监控与检测，都在公路建设过程中扮演着极其重要的角色，只有细致、谨慎的做好了管理过程中的每一项，再加上规范化的管理体制与当前宽松的行业环境，我国的公路建设管理工作必能蒸蒸日上，为我国经济的可持续发展添砖加瓦。
       我们编写《公路工程施工建设与管理》的意图是为广大公路建设从业者提供一本切合实用的教材与参考书。但因为本书包罗内容较广，涉及知识较烦琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，请读者批评指正。