Special equipment refers to life-threatening and dangerous facilities and equipment, mainly including pressure pipes, lifting machinery, boilers, large amusement facilities, etc. In order to protect people’s safety and maintain social harmony, special equipment safety detection technology plays an important role. The development of safety detection technology can contribute to the elimination of potential accidents.
        As an indispensable production facility of modern enterprises, special equipment safety problems should be seriously dealt with, and the problems should be prevented from being found. Special equipment not only improves people’s life interest, improves the efficiency of enterprise production and operation, but also plays a great role in the value-added of national economy. The purpose of safety monitoring is to eliminate potential safety hazards and provide effective guarantee for people’s safety.
        From the early stage of socialist economic construction to now, the research and development of special equipment has never stopped. For the rapid development of special equipment system, the progress of safety detection technology can not be ignored. At the same time, in order to protect people's safety and maintain social harmony and stability, the safety detection technology of special equipment can not be ignored. In order to avoid accidents, the standardization and progress of safety detection technology can make us take precautions.

前 言

特种设备是指危及生命安全，危险程度大的设施设备，主要有压力管道、起重机械、锅炉、大型游乐设施等。为保障人民的安全，维护社会的和谐，特种设备安全检测技术起着重要的作用。安全检测技术的发展，最大力度上为消除事故隐患作出贡献。
        特种设备作为现代企业不可缺少的生产设施，其安全问题应严肃处理，防患于未然。特种设备是在人们日常生活中、国家建设、社会运作中的重要应用设施，主要有压力管道、起重机械、锅炉、大型游乐设施等。特种设备不仅提升了人民的生活情趣，提高了企业生产运作的效率，更重要的是其为国民经济的增值发挥了巨大的作用。安全监测的目的在于排除安全隐患，为人民的安全提供有效的保障。
       我国从社会主义经济建设初期到现在，特种设备的研发与进步就没有停止过。针对日新月异的特种设备系统，安全检测技术的进展同样是不可忽视的。在特种设备为社会做出贡献的同时，为保障人民的安全，维护社会的和谐稳定，特种设备安全检测技术是不容忽视的。 在避免事故发生上， 安全检测技术的规范统一及其进步，让我们做到防患于未然。

With the change of life style and life concept, the significance of ecological water conservancy project is increasingly prominent. China’s ecological water conservancy project construction has made some achievements, but the overall effect is not ideal, there are still problems to be solved. Under the concept of ecological environmental protection, environmental factors should be considered in the planning and design of ecological water conservancy project construction, which should be taken as an important indicator to optimize the planning and design methods of ecological water conservancy project and improve the comprehensive efficiency of the whole water conservancy project system.
        For the construction of water conservancy projects, “environmental protection” has become the main development goal and direction. With the development of society, ecological water conservancy project has come into people’s vision and become a new type of water conservancy project which is full of people’s production and life. The main factors affecting the construction of ecological water conservancy projects are planning and design. The design of ecological water conservancy projects should follow certain principles and methods. In addition, the construction of ecological water conservancy project is not only related to the development of national economy, but also related to the progress of society and the protection of ecological environment. It is an important construction project beneficial to the country and the people. In the planning and design, it is necessary to realize the combination of theory and practice, determine the characteristics of the project according to the actual situation, design reasonable and feasible construction scheme according to different site conditions, and protect the natural environment with high-quality ecological water conservancy project planning and design.

前 言

随着生活方式与生活观念的改变，生态水利工程的意义日益凸显。我国的生态水利工程建设已取得一定成绩， 但是整体效果还不够理想， 仍存在亟待解决的问题。在生态环保理念下，生态水利工程建设的规划设计要考虑环境因素，将其作为重要的衡量指标，优化生态水利工程的规划与设计方法，提高整个水利工程系统的综合效能。
           对于水利工程建设而言，“环保”成为了主要发展目标和发展方向。随着社会的发展， 生态水利工程走进人们的视野， 成为满足人们生产生活需要的新型水利工程。 影响生态水利工程建设的主要因素是规划与设计，生态水利工程设计要遵循一定的原则，更要按照一定的方法进行。此外，生态水利工程建设关系国民经济的发展， 更关系社会的进步与生态环境的保护， 是利国利民的重要建设工程。 在规划设计中， 要实现理论与实际的结合，根据实际情况，确定项目特点，根据不同的现场条件，设计具有合理性与可行性的建设方案，用高质量的生态水利工程规划与设计切实保护自然环境。

Since the reform and opening up, our country has established a basic national policy centered on economic construction and increased the scale of capital construction investment. In this context, highway construction, especially the construction of high-grade highways and bridges, has developed rapidly. In addition, with the increasing progress of urbanization, municipal roads and subway projects have also developed vigorously. The rapid development of the transportation industry means that the demand for road and bridge professional and technical personnel has increased. Therefore, the improvement of our country’s road and bridge construction technology has become an inevitable trend of development.
        The construction of urban facilities is the basis of forming and improving urban functions and playing the role of city center. It is the basic condition for revitalizing the local economy, improving the living environment in cities, and improving the quality of the city. The characteristics of municipal facilities engineering determine that the construction funds mainly come from the national investment and local financing. However, compared with the huge capital demand of urban construction, the investment of these funds is limited. Therefore, the municipal builders must strive to pursue the following points: to determine the cost of municipal engineering economically and reasonably, to improve the use efficiency of funds, to calculate the project quantity relatively accurately, to improve the level of cost preparation, to scientifically reflect the actual cost expenditure of the project.
        At present, with the development of economy, our country’s road and bridge tunnel engineering has entered a new stage of development. The number of kilometers of tunnel construction is becoming longer and the landform features are more special, which puts forward new requirements for the construction of road and bridge tunnels. The construction technology requirements of the construction personnel are more stringent, so this book gives an overview of the technology used in the construction of bridges and tunnels, hoping to be helpful in the construction of roads, bridges and tunnels.
      All in all, highway bridge tunnel engineering needs to go through tedious and complicated work links. Therefore, the process of construction design preparation, the technical management process of the construction, and the quality of work during construction must be guaranteed. We must treat the construction of the project rigorously, and constantly discover problems and make timely improvements during the construction process. This is the most important factor to ensure the efficient and high-quality construction of highway bridges and tunnels. Only in this way, can the construction period be shortened, costs be reduced, and the efficiency of the entire project be improved.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国确立了以经济建设为中心的基本国策，加大了基本建设投资规模。在此背景下，公路建设事业，尤其是高等级公路和桥梁建设得到快速发展。此外，随着城镇化进程的日益推进，市政道路与地铁工程也得到了蓬勃发展。运输行业的高速发展决定了大量路桥专业技术人才的需求缺口，提高我国路桥的施工技术成为发展的必然趋势。
         城市设施建设是形成和完善城市功能、发挥城市中心作用的基础，它是搞活本地区经济，改善城市居住生活环境，提高城市品位的基本条件。市政设施工程的本身特点决定了其建设资金主要来自国家的投入和地方的资金筹措，而这些资金的投入与城市建设庞大的资金需求相比是有限的， 因此， 经济合理地确定市政工程造价、提高资金的使用效益、相对准确地计算工程量、不断提高造价编制水平，科学地反映工程的实际费用支出，是市政建设者必须努力和追求的方向。
         目前，我国的道路桥梁隧道工程随着经济的发展已经进入了一个新的发展阶段，隧道施工的公里数日趋变长，地貌特征也更加特别，这就对道路桥梁隧道施工提出了新的要求，对施工人员的施工技术也更加严苛，因此对于桥梁与隧道施工种所运用的技术进行概述，希望能在道路桥梁以及隧道施工工程中尽到绵薄之力。
         总而言之，公路桥梁隧道工程需要经过烦琐而复杂的工作环节，所以，不管是在对施工进行设计准备时，还是在施工的过程中对其进行技术管理或是施工进行时的作业质量都要有所保证，要严谨的对待在施工的过程中不断地发现问题并及时改进，这是确保公路桥梁隧道施工高效高质量进行的最主要的因素，缩短工期、降低成本，提高整个工程的效益。

Forestry engineering project is a decision-making and implementation activity combining forestry investment behavior with forestry construction behavior, which is affected by human, financial, material, time, technology, information and other resources. The project is complex in management and needs to be completed by several units. In order to learn from foreign advanced technology and management experience, Chinese governments at all levels have started a number of forestry construction projects with world bank loans since 1980s. The implementation of these forestry projects with loans from international financial organizations has effectively made up for the lack of investment in forestry and accelerated the cultivation of forest resources in China. More importantly, in the process of using loans from international financial organizations to implement forestry projects, advanced technology and management concepts have been gradually introduced, especially the concept of environmental protection and management has been continuously strengthened. Now the environmental protection work of forestry projects has been improved, and the impact on biodiversity, soil erosion and water and soil pollution has been minimized, gradually achieved the goal of ecological and green, and provided more high-quality ecological products to the society. The implementation of environmental protection measures is very important for the implementation of the concepts of “harmonious coexistence between man and nature”, “respect for nature, conform to nature, protect nature”, and so on. It is the key for forestry construction to step into the road of production development, good ecology, and healthy environment.
        This book mainly introduces the related contents of ecological environment construction system from the perspective of forest resources development and protection. Environmental ecological engineering is a science that studies how to build, restore and repair the ecosystem, and how to manage and strengthen the self purification function of the ecosystem, so as to protect the natural environment and solve the problem of environmental pollution. Environmental ecological engineering is a technical subject to promote the harmonious coexistence of human and nature. Different from environmental engineering, the implementation object of environmental ecological engineering is ecosystem, which uses the basic principles of ecology, the implementation method is the design, management and auxiliary engineering measures of ecosystem, and plays the environmental purification function of ecosystem itself. Therefore, although the reaction rate and pollution control efficiency of environmental ecological engineering are generally low, it can save cost and energy consumption, and has simple management, so it is especially suitable for non-point source pollution control, which is complementary to the environmental engineering technology of point source pollution control.

前 言

林业工程项目是一种林业投资行为和林业建设行为相结合的决策与实施活动，受人力、财力、物力、时间、技术、信息等多种资源的影响；项目在管理上具有复杂性，需要由若干单位共同协作完成。为借鉴国外先进的技术和管理经验，中国各级政府从 20 世纪 80 年代开始，利用世界银行贷款相继启动实施了一批林业工程建设项目，这些国际金融组织贷款林业项目的实施，有效弥补了林业资金投入不足的问题，加快了我国森林资源培育。更重要的是，在利用国际金融组织贷款实施林业项目的过程中，先进的技术与管理理念逐渐被引入，特别是环境保护与管理的理念得到不断强化，现在实施的林业项目的环境保护工作得到了提高，最大限度地降低了对生物多样性、水土流失、水土资源污染的影响，逐步实现了生态、绿色的目标，给社会提供了更多的优质生态产品。环保措施的落实对贯彻实施“人与自然和谐共生”“尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然”等理念至关重要，是林业建设步入生产发展、生态良好、环境健康之途的关键所在。
         本文主要从森林资源开发与保护的角度介绍了生态环境建设体系的相关内容。环境生态工程是研究如何新建、恢复、修复生态系统，以及如何管理、强化生态系统的自净功能，从而保护自然环境和解决环境污染问题的一门学问。环境生态工程是促进人类与自然的和谐共存的一门技术学科。与环境工程不同，环境生态工程的实施对象为生态系统，运用的是生态学的基本原理，实施方法为生态系统的设计、管理以及辅助性的工程学措施， 发挥的是生态系统本身具有的环境净化功能。 因此，环境生态工程尽管反应速率和治污效率一般较低，但节省成本和能量消耗，管理简单，特别适合于面源污染治理，从而与治理点源污染的环境工程技术形成互补。

The common diseases of crops in China include rice planthopper, powdery mildew, wheat rust, rice sheath blight and rice blast. The common pests include cotton bollworm, cotton aphid, wheat aphid and locust, which have seriously affected the agricultural production in China. In order to reduce the damage of diseases and pests to crops, it is necessary to implement comprehensive control. Integrated control is to use natural control, coordinate the use of all appropriate technologies, control and maintain the pest population below the allowable level of economic damage. Only when the pest density exceeds the limit of allowable level, can we seek the chemical control measures.
          In the application of chemical pesticides to control diseases and insect pests, we should not only consider the selection of effective, safe, economic and convenient varieties, strive to improve the control effect, but also avoid the occurrence of drug pests. We should not only carry out pollution-free production, but also take into account the protection of the soil environment and prevent the destruction of natural resources. At present, there are still many problems in pest control, such as untimely timing, unscientific methods, improper selection of pesticides, inaccurate dosage, untimely medication, incorrect medication methods, and medication at the sight of diseases and insects, which result in labor-consuming, drug-consuming, heavy pollution, rapid increase of pest resistance, and serious harm to crops. In order to publicize and popularize pesticide knowledge and scientific prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, promote agricultural science and technology workers and farmers to understand scientific prevention and control technology of crop diseases and insect pests in time, and better serve modern agricultural production, we organized the compilation of the book. The purpose is to give full play to the positive role of pesticides in modern agricultural production, effectively do a good job in the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, and make a modest contribution to the virtuous cycle and sustainable development of agriculture.

前 言

我国农作物常见的病害包括稻飞虱、白粉病、小麦锈病、稻纹枯病、稻瘟病，常见的虫害包括棉铃虫、棉蚜、麦蚜、蝗虫等，它们已经严重影响了我国农业生产。为了减少病虫害对农作物的侵害，就要对其实施综合防治。综合防治就是利用自然控制，协调运用一切适当的技术，把有害生物的种群数量控制和维持在经济受害允许水平以下，只有当有害生物密度超过规定的受害允许水平界限时，才谋求化学药剂的防治措施。
       在应用化学农药防治病虫害时，既要考虑选择有效、安全、经济、方便的品种，力求提高防治效果，也要避免产生药害，进行无公害生产，还要兼顾对土壤环境的保护，防止对自然资源破坏。当前各地在病虫害防治中，还存在着防病治虫时机不及时、方法不科学、药剂选择不当、用药剂量不准、用药不适时、用药方法不正确、见病见虫就用药等许多问题，造成了费工、费药、污染重、有害生物抗药性迅速增强、对作物危害严重的后果。为了宣传普及农药知识和科学防治农作物病虫害，促使农业科技工作者与广大农民朋友及时了解农作物病虫害科学防治技术，更好地为现代农业生产服务，我们组织编写了该书。目的在于发挥好农药在现代农业生产中的积极作用，切实搞好农作物病虫害防治工作，为农业良性循环和可持续发展尽些微薄之力。